Introduction To The Pragmatics Discourse Analysis English Language Essay

Introduction To The Pragmatics dialogue Analysis English Language Es produceAs cited in Blakemore, Schiffrin pointed that Harris was the first linguist who proposed the term discourse as the following stage of morphemes, clauses and sentences. In other delivery, it can be inferred that Discourse Analysis deals with kinds of schoolbook above sentences. The study of Discourse Analysis has been widely developed lately Linguists analyze discourse in several different ways using several interesting approaches, such as Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Pragmatics, and etc. One of the most challenging approaches to analyze a discourse is in the Pragmatics point of view.Pragmatics, a study of run-in explaining language use in context, according to Moore (2001), seeks to elaborate aspects of importation which cannot be explained by semantics. In line with that, in modern linguistics, Crystal (2008) stated that Pragmatics has been studied in applied linguistic s from the point of view of the users, especially of the selections they make, the boundaries among the use of language in social interaction, and the consequences of their use of language on the other members of communication.Concerning with speaker meaning and how utterances are interpreted by listeners, Pragmatics draws much attention of many linguists. This new discipline in language science, Pragmatics lies its roots in the work of Herbert Paul Grice on conversational implicature and the cooperative principle (Moore, 2001).Languages have developed continually in the along with the user based on the need of communication. People bear on in a conversation want to be able to communicate their messages properly. In the process of communication, volume do not create isolated sentences, but taste to obey the rules of a general set of norms in which their sentences are organized to make up their entire messages. Grice (1975) defined The Cooperative Principle and the maxims of coope ration as the principles that peck abide by for successful communication.Highly interested to cooperative principle, the writer is going to use the theory to analyze a text entitled Dr. dust coat as the case of the final assignment of the discourse analysis class. Furthermore, in this paper, the writer is trying to find out whether or not the principle is utilise properly in the text.Paul Grice (1989) proposed that speakers and hearers share a cooperative principle in ordinary conversation. Utterances are shaped by the speaker to be understood by hearers. Grice considers cooperation as involving four maxims quantity, quality, relation, and sort. In the other words, Grices cooperative principle is a set of norms expected in conversation.Followings are four sub-cooperative principles expected in conversation which are proposed by Grice as the maxims of conversationsQuality speaker communicates the truth or something provable by adequate certifyQuantity speaker tells something a s informative as requiredRelation speakers response is relevant to topic of discussionManner speaker tells something in a direct and straightforward way, avoids equivocalness or obscurityAccording to Yule (1996), when we communicate each other, we exchange information. Furthermore, when a conversation is taking place, the persons involved are depending on some common guide principles in come out to have a successful communication. In line with that, Levinson (1987) stated that the cooperative principles four basic maxims of conversation denote what the infracticipants have to do in order to converse in rational, efficient, and cooperative way. In the other words, it can be said that to put across a message successfully, those who involved in the communication should share the same common grounds on what is being talked about.Considering the maxims, it is suggested that there is an accepted way of speaking which we all receive as the standard behavior. When we generate, or perceiv e an utterance, we believe that it will generally be based on fact, have the precise amount of information, be relevant, and imply intelligible terms. However, when an utterance does not appear to conform to this model, then we do not consider that it does not have meaning an appropriate meaning is there to be inferred.DiscussionIn this part, the writer is going to analyze a text entitled Dr. Flannel based on the theory of cooperative principles proposed by Grice (1989). The text to be analyzed is a kind of daily conversation between three people named Bill, Mavis, and Alex.Analyzing the text, it is embed that, instead of following all of the four maxims proposed by Grice (1989), some violations are presented. Obeying the quality maxim, we should tell only when it is true, and we also need to have the adequate evidence about it. To make it assailableer, consider this example interpreted from the text Dad must have worn them because Im almost sure Mum used to ever so wash them in the same temperature water like. In the sentence, the speaker is aware of the quality maxim so that he only tells something that is true or that he has the evidence for it (Mum used to always wash them). The evidence in this sentence is strong enough for the speaker to make his claim about the topic.Violations toward the maxim of quality are discussed as the first case in this paper. Some parts of the discourse are not fully adhering the maxim of quality. I cant remember whether Dad wore them but I think == he did. In the sentence, the speaker is not sure that his statement is true. other example of the violation is also taken from the text. I think if you wash them in stale water. If you wash them in warm water youre supposed to rinse them in warm water or something or other sos they. Maxim of quality is flouted in this utterance. In the example, we can observe that the speaker did not have enough evidence to confirm his statement. However, it seems that the speaker was aware ab out the maxim that he should tell something that is true. Therefore, because of the lack of evidence, the speaker put what it is called hedges in the utterances. As we can observe, the speakers used I think as the signal that he was aware about the maxim.Another interesting violation of quality maxim to observe is in another Bills utterance, Do ya wanta have a look at the hairs on me chest? It is found that this is a totally lie of Bill in fact that he does not have any hair on his chest. However, it is pragmatically explainable that in the purpose of the utterance is to make a fraudulence.On the other hand, we can see that Bill was somehow not adhering the maxim of quantity. The maxim tells us to say something as required, and not more than that. The example can be seen from the first line, the opening speech I had to laugh. I walked into David Joness and theyre always nice people in there, you know. In this example, the speaker actually does not need to add the phrase in italic (people in there, you know). The meaning of the sentence is already clear without the additional phrase. Reading further, the writer also found another sentence flouting the maxim. In one of the dialog, Mavis said And I mean even in those days you didnt have washing machines and everything.Maxim of relation is the third maxim to be flouted in the text. It can be observed that in one part of the text the maxim is defiled. Bill said I had to laugh. I walked into David Joness and theyre always nice people in there, you know. The utterance opposed the maxim verbalize us that what we said should be relevance. As we can observe in the text, Bill said I had to laugh. From the utterance, it is hoped that the speaker will tell a joke or something funny right after that. On the other hand, what is said by the speaker is not funny at all (I walked into David Joness and theyre always nice).The other example of the violation toward relation maxim was presented when Bill told Mavis about his e xperience, I said ah Good Morning ladies and one of the girls said convey you. Youre a thorough gentleman. The conversation between him and the counter girls seems irrelevant. Naturally, when someone greets the other using good morning, then the hearer will answer with good morning too. In the text, the hearer answered with thank and appraisal because he called them ladies (a respectful addressing for women).Last but not least, it is also found in the text that maxim of manner was also violated. Instead of being orderly and briefly, it is observable that some utterances are too much prolixity in them.I had to laugh. I walked into David Joness and theyre always nice people in there, you know.And there was two girls behind a counter and I didnt know which where to go, to go to ahh She said. You know the two of them, they said Youve do our dayOh well ah. Oh ah the men. I remember Dad and all the miners wore them.Intake air the air coming trough is colder ssFrom those two example s above, it can be seen that the words in italics are not necessarily in the text.She said DR FLANNEL She said Whats that?I said Oh yeah. I said Im not gonna == show you where it endsI said Well, I said Youre not == gonnna feel it, I canThose three examples above violates the maxim of manner, it is wordy with too much prolixity. In order to follow the maxim of manner, the three utterances above can be shortened. For example, the first example may become (She said DR FLANNEL Whats that?). The second can be (I said Oh yeah. Im not gonna == show you where it ends). Furthermore, the last example can be shortened (I said Well, I said Youre not == gonna feel it, I can). destructionAnalyzing the text, it can be inferred that cooperative principles are not always obeyed in the real communication. However, we can observe that although the utterances are not following the maxims, the meaning is palliate understandable. The violation of a maxim does not mean that the utterance is meaningless. Furthermore, it is also found that some overlapping occur in the maxims violation. An utterance may violate more than a maxim.ReferencesBlakemore, D (2002). Relevance and Linguistic Meaning The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers. New York Cambridge University Press.Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th Edition. Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole J. Morgan (Ed.), Speech Acts (p. 41-58). New York Academic Pres.Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.Levinson, S. C. (1987). Pragmatics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Moore, A. (2001). Pragmatics and speech acts. http//www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/pragmatics.htmYule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford Oxford University Press.