Socrates And Aristotle On Virtues

Socrates And Aristotle On Virtues Socrates and Aristotle are both antiquated thinkers. In their work the two of them educated on the possibility of morals and temperances. They had confidence in excellencies however their comprehension of what is intends to be temperate were unique (Lutz, 1998). This is the reason their educating on righteousness just as their lives and choices repudiated. This paper is a basic correlation between Aristotles record of righteousness and Socrates record of temperance. The likeness that exists in these lessons is that they put stock in presence of excellencies and instructed their understudies on what is intends to be righteous just from their distinctive comprehension. The two logicians trusted in people having scholarly ideals. The ongoing theme on the lessons of the two was the way that individuals had certain ethics (Lutz, 1998). The excellencies speak to the most huge characteristics for an individual to have. The two rationalists instructed that having temperances was profitable. In any case, there are different contrasts in transit each comprehended and moved toward the subject. The distinctions in the records of temperances by the two thinkers are uncovered in their lessons as well as their lifestyle. Both Aristotle and Socrates were accused of offensiveness, yet their varying comprehension of what is prudent and right drove them to various activities. At the point when Socrates was sentenced to death, he acknowledged it and permitted himself to be executed. At the point when he was offered to pay a fine for his wrongdoing he can't. He additionally would not respect the requests of Plato and his different understudies to flee in a vessel they had prepared for that reason. Socrates is known to take care of business who lived what he lectured (Sherman, 1997). He would not violate the law even despite death and needed to set a genuine guide to his understudies. In a manner through his demonstration, he responded to a portion of the inquiries he had presented to his understudies on righteousness and fortitude. His activities likewise satisfied the way that he u pheld for fellowship and genuine feeling of shared trait. This is the thing that drove Socrates to energetically acknowledge his capital punishment when the vast majority figured he would escape. Socrates accepted that fleeing from the authority added up to conflicting with his communitys will. As a quest for individual satisfaction, Aristotle then again would not acknowledge his charges and fled. This is on the grounds that Aristotles believing depended on singular satisfaction and delight (Sherman, 1989). In contrast to Socrates, when Aristotle was accused of scandalousness, he took the path of least resistance. He fled as opposed to remain to deal with the indictments. This discloses to us a great deal about Aristotle. This is likewise clear in his contention that the last objective of people is satisfaction. He contended that carrying on with a righteous life is something pleasurable. In his contention, the idealistic man enjoys carrying on with a righteous life. In his contention, it appears without ethics, an individual can't accomplish bliss. It resembles uprightness is the connecting angle to joy. This is interestingly with the hypothesis of Socrates who contends that the most ideal lifestyle is concentrating on self-advancement as opposed to seeking after material things (Lutz, 1998). In his lessons, Socrates never uncovered answers, nor did he uncover reality. Socrates never instructed reality however showed his understudies how to discover reality without anyone else. He just showed his understudies to find. Socrates realized that no individual could respond to the inquiries concerning boldness, ethicalness and obligation agreeable to him. Individuals just professed to be idealistic and bold without truly recognizing what this implied (Sherman, 1989). With respect to Aristotle, being upright was a thing that individuals couldn't just see yet in addition accomplish. Aristotle can't help contradicting Socrates in contending that morals is fundamentally about ideals. Socrates likewise contends that an individual can have ideals without essentially having the sort of information that epitomizes arithmetic of nature science. Aristotle is fit for exhibiting that morals and individual intrigue might be connected, that morals is appropriate to presence of mind, and that a temperate individual is equipped for accomplishing sane choices. Aristotle likewise made a qualification between two sorts of temperances; moral and scholarly. Moral ethics happen through ongoing activities. He contended that individuals are brought into the world with the ability to carry on with a prudent life. He additionally contends that training is fundamental in setting up human capacity to make ethical acts ongoing. Aristotle accepted that individuals need to act highmindedly as much as possible and by doing so they make a stage in getting temperate. He additionally accepts that moral ideals should be gone to with joy. He accepted that individuals can't be presented to torment when they are acting righteously. On the off chance that an individual is presented to torment because of an activity, at that point he can't be viewed as highminded (Sherman, 1989). Not at all like Socrates who put stock in making the wisest decision, Aristotle accepted that to an extreme and too little are never right. He contended that prudent demonstrations are in every case halfway states between the differentiating indecencies of abundance and insufficiency. This is not normal for Socrates where there was no trade off or adaptability in being acceptable. Aristotles hypothesis of excellencies considers adaptability. Socrates focuses on that righteousness was the most significant belonging and that life must be lived in quest for good (Sherman, 1997). While both of the thinkers had faith in the advantage of having ethics, it is Socrates who focuses on more than Aristotle the significance of the ideals. In his Socrates see there is off limits between; individuals must be acceptable. In Socrates hypothesis the possibility of bliss and delight acquires a part of bargain. Between the two savants, it is Socrates who shapes the best case of carrying on with a prudent life.

Gestures - The DOs And TABOOs Of Body Language Around The World Essays

Motions - The DO's and TABOOs of non-verbal communication around the globe Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free preliminary. Date Smarter! Signals - The DO's and TABOOs of non-verbal communication around the globe Axtell, Roger E. Signals: The DO's and Restrictions of Body Language Around the World. Jon Wiley Sons, Inc, 1998 - Rev. what's more, extended version. Over the previous decade the creator has been introducing courses, talks and workshops around the United States on the subject of global conduct. This book is the aftereffect of gathering of over ten years of research regarding the matter and it incorporates explore on his movements to England, Germany, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. This fortified a conviction that signals are incredible communicators utilized by individuals everywhere throughout the world. The reason for this book is to let individuals realize how amazing signals can be when utilized effectively or erroneously. He likewise needs you to realize how a signal can mean one thing here and another thing elsewhere, something as straightforward as a wave farewell, could get you into a great deal of difficulty in another nation. This book was separated into seven sections: Section 1, outlined with various models, is that not exclusively are motions and non-verbal communication ground-breaking communicators, be that as it may, various societies use motions and non-verbal communication in drastically unique ways. Part 2 talks about the most well known motions found the world over, starting with how we welcome one another. Shaking hand isn't the all inclusive welcome. Truth be told, there are in any event about six other social welcome - even various methods of shaking hands. This section additionally manages goodbyes, calling, annoying, contacting and different sorts of motions. Section 3 gets into the uncommon sorts of motions, for example, American Sign Language, Tai Chi, being a tease kissing. Section 4 is intended to assist you with learning or on the other hand follow a specific signal, utilizing scores of drawings. Section 5 depicts what the creator calls a definitive signal, which is just the grin. It is once in a while misconstrued, researcher accept this specific signal discharges synthetic substances in the cerebrum considered endorphins into the framework that make a mellow sentiment of rapture. It likewise may assist you with sneaking out of the prickliest or troublesome circumstance's around the world. Part 6 is a significant rundown of motions to remember. It is arranged of 20 motions that can assist you with isolating directly from inconsiderate, and discourteous from unrefined. Part 7 is a posting of nation by-nation basic motions and forms of non-verbal communication dialects. They bunch the nations by major geographic locale. The association of the book was a blend of account and topical. The essential perspective of the whole book was that on the off chance that you are wanting to leave the United States and travel to another nation, you better either keep your hands in you pockets consistently or then again know the correct motion for the nation you expect on visiting. I might want to site a few models. An American adolescent was catching a ride in Nigeria. A carload of local people passed him. The vehicle shrieked to a stop. The local people leaped out and immediately messed up the young guest. Why? Since in Nigeria, the motion generally utilized in America for catching a ride (thumb broadened upward) is viewed as a discourteous sign. An American couple on an auto visit in Australia was halted by a cop in Sydney for neglecting to flag previously turning. Since they were vacationers the official gave them just an agreeable caution. Calmed, the American man reacted with a grin and the approval sign. The cop got maddened, requested the couple out of the vehicle, called a reinforcement, looked through the vehicle, lastly gave the driver an costly ticket. Afterward, back in their lodging and describing their experience, the traveler discovered that in Australia the approval motion signifies screw you! As should be obvious this book has a hilarious, be that as it may, yet genuine hint. It covers significant parts of forms of non-verbal communication dialects motions in the public arena which is not kidding stuff, that has an exceptionally solid sway on such interact with you. However the creator can express it in a hilarious nature. I appreciated the book monstrously. There are numerous ways the thoughts in this book can be identified with human science. Indeed the entire book is straightforwardly related to the subject of human science particularly the way of life part of it. I will clarify in the accompanying passages. Anthologists isolate our activities and motions into three general classifications: natural, coded and obtained. Instinctual motions are those we do nearly unwittingly. A model would be the point at which we are out of nowhere stunned or astounded, we keep an eye on slap the rear of our heads. Coded,

The Dumbest Idea in the World Maximizing Shareholder Value

The Dumbest Idea in the World Maximizing Shareholder Value If you were to name the ultimate definition of creating a business purpose, what would that be? According to Peter Drucker creating a customer IS the actually the purpose of any business.It may sound rather simple, like putting 2 and 2 together, but this non-complicated and seemingly transparent definition has lots of things underneath the surface.Our mission here is to clarify whether maximizing shareholder value is the dumbest idea in the world or not.We shall start with defining it first and then unveil piece by piece of this intriguing puzzle.It’s of vital importance to be familiar with the differences in various types of market (real vs. expectations) and lead your business based on numerous researches, and well-arranged plans.But of course, you must always make room for some unexpected situations. They are an integral and free to say inevitable part of every business.We cannot offer you a secret instant formula HOW TO actually create your very own customer(s), but we can giv e you more than a useful guide, along with a multitude of directions, tips, and tricks that might be of help.DEFINING THE SHAREHOLDER VALUE MAXIMIZATIONTo begin with, it very important to be clear on WHAT does maximizing shareholder value (MSV) actually mean.The idea is generally in correlation with free market capitalism, which promotes the belief that the main purpose of running a corporation is creating maximal value for the (potential) owners.Though many would point out that this idea itself is not a controversial one, but it’s the mentality that can result in bad things.When we say bad things, what we mean is overpaid executives, underpaid workers, various compensations, buying back shares and so on.However, even though these things allegedly make the economy worse off, is this kind of criticism actually VALID?By digging only a bit deeper, we actually reveal the reverse of the medal (which, by the way, is not bad at all!).DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REAL AND EXPECTATION MARKETUntil we actually clarify whether the thing is indeed the dumbest idea or not, we shall focus a bit on a matter of markets.Nowadays, CEOs strive to focus greater part of their attention on the expectations market, not on a real one (meaning delivering real services and products).The real market is the world we know. It’s the reality which consists of machines and factories, where the actual products are created and distributed to be sold.Furthermore, this process brings a certain profit and that’s how this circle of life rolls. This is the universe controlled by the executives, at least some part of it is.On the other hand, the expectations market is a sort of imaginary land.In this world, investors make assessments of the real market and based on that they predict, expect and project future situations.It’s the investors’ consensus (both actual and potential), that shapes the company’s stock price.Bottom line is that expectations are where the cash is, it’s as simple as that.The slowest and the most demanding part of the procedure is the question of increasing the expectations from the existing point and hence improve real market performance.Of course, it’s highly important to stress out that these actually vary and undergo constant changes.Trends are in continuous alteration, and whichever type of market is it about, innovative solutions and approaches are an inevitable part of it.Therefore, the definition itself may be the same, but how things look in reality is much different.The rule that works one day may be completely outdated in a short period of time.And that’s where day to day market research plays a significant role.ENTERS CAPITALISMYou know that old trick when someone creates (an alleged) problem and offers the solution for that?That’s exactly what finances professor Michael Jensen and Dean William Meckling offered regarding this subject.They simply ignored the idea that creating customer is the single valid purpose of the company, the ver y idea represented by Peter Drucker.What they pointed out as the major goal is the firm’s ability to maximize the return to shareholders.This opinion actually became widely accepted and popular.COUNTER EFFECTS OF CHANGEThose who supported the new opinion hoped that their belief would focus executives on improving the real performance of their corporations and gradually increase the shareholder value as time goes by.However, the opposite happened and the real performance fell down.Shareholder value was supposed to be the logical result, not the strategy itself. Long term value could go in the upward direction only in case some short-term profits occurred.The actual mess was so big, that it simply cried for new ideas, new solutions, and new approach. Some sort of shift was necessary, in the form of fundamental changes. The customer came as a logical choice.Taking all the money into an account and the community of people involved, altering these “bad” habits was not an easy task to do.Some serious rethinking was expected in order to make it easier for the new approach to become reality.The key focus was the real market, which stood lots of positive chances to bring sustainability, provided things go as planned.With motivation and true meaning, the real market is the only possible scenario that allows us to connect with our consumers and based on that create huge plans and work on their realization.Such type of structure gives a bigger sense of authenticity to individuals and helps them discover the meaning in their job.In this type of arrangement, they are not seen as robots, but as contributors who bring something positive for society.It’s the idea of advancing humankind that pushed people to support this proactive and fact-based opinion.THE NECESSITY OF LEGAL (AND OTHER) ADJUSTMENTSHowever, the expectations market was not at all to be ignored as it also played more than an important role in forming the business strategy for the upcoming period. Ignoring it would be a disaster, so some adjustments were more than a logical step. First ones to take place were in the law sphere.The companies and executives as well should be legally responsible for any attempt to handle predictions and expectations.The point of such rule was to transform the executives into those in charge of giving true value. This came in form of the repeal of the 1995 Private Securities Litigation Reform Act.The second of adjustments, which obliged to write down the real assets based on the share price in the expectations market.To change that, elimination of regulation FASB 142 was simply a logical thing to do.The third measure saw eliminating the use of stock-based compensation as an incentive with the idea of shifting focus on the real market.Besides legal, some other alterations were necessary as well so to create adequate conditions for changes to take place.Above all, one of the main aspects to focus on was restoring authenticity to executives. The executives lost their perspective on how to use their work and based on that contribute to society.Besides, that addressing board governance was also among the suggested changes, as well as regulating expectations market players, above all hedge funds.CUSTOMER VALUE VS SHAREHOLDER VALUEThough one has to be aware that these two values are not to be mixed in terms of definition, still, in reality, they work together.In a way, they depend on each other.At least that’s how things should work, in some ideal scenario. But, for the sake of understanding how each of them works, here are the definitions.Speaking of customer value, it is seen as a determining factor for giving an explanation of what business purpose actually is.To translate this into a bit simpler words, whatever the consumer believes he/she is buying is what’s defines the value and leads to a prosperous business.So, to make business work based on this logic, it was necessary not only to satisfy the target consumers but much more th an that- to delight them!Gigantic corporations such as Apple, Google, and Amazon are more than excellent examples of the real value of putting consumers in the center.They show the ultimate, instant and customer-oriented value which led these brands straight to stars.Of course, those companies would never have been where they are if people who share the same vision and want to fulfill the same mission are gathered in the same community.Being innovative is a must-have feature if one was serious about surviving on the market and finding their way to the hearts of consumers.As for the shareholder value, this is seen as a social responsibility with the sole purpose of increasing the profit which will come as a result of needed and planned activities.Such an approach was a “godsend” for those who were constantly occupied with multitasking on several fields (firm, customers, employees). Instead, they only had to be in charge of making money for the shareholders, that’s all.We can fr eely say that such approach sounded rather seductive for those whose thoughts involved nothing else but pure profit.With this being a single occupation for their minds, it was easy for them to believe that becoming rich during the process is expected, in a way. You can call this a happy side-effect, as indeed sounds that way.Take Carl Icahn, one of the biggest corporate raiders. He was more than delighted with this approach and became the enforcer. This led to entrepreneurial behavior of CEOs, but in their own cause, not in terms of organization.However, this approach, compared to the consumer-oriented one, turned out to have plenty of bad side-effects.This inspired numerous not-so-smart business decisions, reflected in silly takeovers, high leverage, the craze for share buy-backs and whatnot.Thought the entire burden of such unreasonable behavior is not to be laid on definitions exclusively, still, it’s more than obvious that there were plenty of misinterpretations.However, the p roblem went far beyond just not clearly defining the shareholder value, it actually resulted in numerous significant profit declines.For some companies, the damage was so high that they had to stop operating and were actually completely destroyed.There was a huge gap, a disconnection between productivity and compensation. Since the ultimate result was discouraged workforce, it was more than obvious that some changes need to take place. Source: forbes.comActually, what worked even better is the thing we mentioned at the very beginning of this section-balance.The two values are intertwined and they can only bring benefits if one takes both into consideration and finds things that are actually applicable to a certain market.Of course, count this one of “easier said than done” situation, but for the beginning- there were some implications what actually might be a good formula for success.The first thing to do, to make room for some changes to occur was denouncing the cult of shareholder value and pointing out that this theory itself is wrong.It’s wrong in multiple key aspects such as financial, social, economic, and moral as well.Numerous important experts were united in the opinion that this theory itself needed to be overthrown otherwise it could make more damages.One of the suggestions was to pay more attention to the importance of the investments in innovations, and skilled workforce.In addition to this, bein g clear of what is the result and what is the value or in other words starting point and the goal is also important.Comparing things with the pursuit of happiness, you will certainly agree that direct pursuit is not the way to go.The single-minded approach is not a solution to make some ground-breaking changes and certainly promises nothing. The same goes for business, don’t chase the profit itself, it’s a guaranteed road to nowhere.Strive to achieve balance (once again!) and sustainability, fulfill smaller goals and you will prosper gradually and securely. That’s exactly how these two values should and can work together. HOW MANY VALUES ARE THERE ACTUALLY?Okay, we defined two major ones, but the truth is there are many more.Yeah we know, you head is about to explode, as you probably still digest the two we already explained.But again, things are not so complicated as they may seem at first sight.The truth is that all those other values are actually some forms of these two-cus tomer and shareholder.Those varieties come based on the industry, the branch, the size of the company, the number of employees, and so on.So, the whole point is that this deeper exploring reveals us layers beneath the surface.Those layers make smaller differences that may give the impression the number of values is countless. It is, but yours is to focus only on those that are in relation to your business.To put it simply, if your company deals with clothes and accessories for pets, you won’t have to bother brainstorming about what are the values that those companies which are manufacturing equipment for woodcarvers should take into consideration.We sincerely hope that our silly example entertained you a bit and relaxed you above all. The point is that, no matter how many values are there actually, yours is to stay focused on the ones that matter to your company.No one says you need to do it by yourself, not at all.That’s where the power of team steps in and saves the day. Try g athering a group of people that will have the same ideas and plans, and use each other’s skills and knowledge to give an overall contribution.As you could see from the previously explained parts, making an exact projection is impossible, and no one should waste the energy and resources on that.On the other hand, we are not telling that you should lead the business just like that, with no plan at all. But try to focus on smaller missions and see what you get when they are completed.Such an approach will give you a nice insight and valuable feedback on where you stand, and which sections are good to go, which ones require improvement.Just make sure you stay open-minded and accept the ideas by people who are experts in analyzing consumers and markets.GIVE THEM WHAT THEY WANTOkay, we are absolutely positive that these two questions are screaming inside your head in this very moment:Who the heck are THEM?How in the world could I know what THEY want?It’s simpler than you can imagine. When it comes to them, there are actually three groups of people we aim at here. Those are customers, employees, and investors.Each of them has some individual vision and you are the one to be knowledgeable about the possibilities.Which leads us to the second question where you will need to find out what they want and give them that. Is it possible, after all?Of course, all you have to do is put yourself in their shoes and you will be aware what is it that they want.What each of them has in common is the desire to get some value from you and yours is to give them that. So, leave all the short-term benefits aside (that’s the dumb part) and try to find out what each of them strives for.Take customers first, and what logically comes to your mind is that they are looking for a product or service that will bring them benefits, at the same time being of top-quality.Provide your customers with that!As for the employees, they also have their own visions (which are, expectedly and for the sake of convenience, the same ones you have), so see how to help them fulfill those.The third category, investors, also have their own ideas and plans, and they mainly look for something that will bring them profit. Make sure your business looks attractive in terms of that.Even though it may seem that you are supposed to be some good fairy that has to fulfill someone’s wishes and desires, don’t let the initial impression full you.It’s the short-term benefits we mentioned, they are the ones that can make you think there’s nothing that will bring any benefits for you.If you take all three groups and compare their desires, you will logically conclude that all of them are striving for the same goal- ultimate quality!So, top performance, wide base of consumers, plenty of profits, correct me if I’m wrong- but isn’t that EXACTLY what YOU are looking for as well?That’s the main catch with understanding and balancing different opinions and uniting them in the same goal. Again, it’s easy to say such things, when it comes to actually doing so, there are many obstacles on the way.There will be situations where you will certainly have the impression that you are losing yourself and your own ideas, be strong. Those events should encourage you to push even harder and don’t give up.Use them as a valuable experience, which indeed is.When the storm ends, you will have lots of useful knowledge and experience, and you will grow as a person.This goes not only for the business aspect of your life but for private as well. FINAL THOUGHTSAll in all, you can see that giving precise definitions in this field susceptible to constant changes is not an easy thing at all.Imagine this to be a truly living creature that has its own life, independent of our ideas and projections on how things should actually work.Therefore, using trial and error method could be a smart option in this case.Some things are simply impossible to predict and yet some are so obvious that they requ ire no calculations at all.Let’s say a balance is also among the most important components that can make any idea and plan work well.We also mentioned following trends as another essential thing for success.People and their tastes and opinions are easily changeable, and any market needs to keep tracks on what’s going on.For that reason, a dedicated team of various experts and professionals is needed to listen and investigate each sector closely.This is not a thing that can be handled by a single person exclusively, not at all.Simply one cannot have such strength and diversity of professional knowledge and skills to make absolutely everything work well.Gathering a team of people that is ready to rely on each other and work united will lead the company to success, that above all, regardless of what definitions say.After all, whether maximizing the shareholder value is the dumbest idea in the world or not is hard to tell, and above all impossible to define one-sidedly.But, do we ha ve to, after all? For some, it WILL be the dumbest, while the others will see it as the wisest, as long as all sides are motivated and satisfied, who cares what the definitions say?

Christopher Nol An American Film Director, Screenwriter,...

Laksamana Riadi Jeff Crum Film 1 6 December 2015 CHRISTOPHER NOLAN Christopher Nolan is considered an English-American film director, screenwriter, and producer and Auteur. Nolan is a man of talent who is known as one of the smartest, most creative, and successful directors in the film industry today.He is widely recognized after his first successful feature movie Following(1998),a noir thriller film.Which was recognized at a number of international film festival.Common themes and actors can be seen throughout Christopher Nolan’s films,he is also famous at narrating the movie in a non linear way.In the next paragraph im going to discuss why would i consider him as one of the best modern times auteur. One of the qualification of being an auteur according to French New Wave film director and film critic Francois Truffaut is that a good director exerts such a distinctive style or promotes such a consistent theme that his or her influence is unmistakable in the body of his or her work.This statement,it’s like it’s describing Christopher Nolan and his works, especially in the writing of his films and how he creates a relatable world within his films and matches it with a completely unrealistic plot. For example in his film, Inception he creates a real world in which the audience can completely relate to, setting the bulk of the film in Paris. However the plot of the film ensures that the Parisian location is set in a dream conscious state so it is not entirely relatable to

The Right Of Habeas Corpus - 1531 Words

The war on terror seems to be a never ending story, especially with the current events such as the beheading of two Americans by the terrorist group ISIS. These are barbaric people,whom have no regards for human life, and they need to be stopped.Which brings me to the issue of habeas corpus, and the rights or civil liberties of detainees who have been deemed enemy combatants. To understand the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror, you must first understand the historical evolution of habeas corpus, including its English and American traditions,examine times in U.S. history when habeas corpus was suspended and their applicability to the present, closely analyze the relevance of habeas corpus to the contemporary U.S.†¦show more content†¦The provision of habeas corpus goes back for centuries. In America, the British colonists believed very strongly in habeas corpus,for it was in England where the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was Civil Liberties and War on Terror 3 formalized , and where which the term has been used as far back as the 14th century.(Habeas Corpus,2013). The Constitution of the United States made provisions concerning the writ, because prior to the American Revolution, individuals were unfairly denied this civil liberty.(Habeas Corpus,2013) The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia(Habeas Corpus,2013) states, â€Å" the Constitution of the United States provides that The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it (Article 1, Section 9). (Habeas Corpus,2013 para 2). Though protested by Chief Justice Roger Taney but upheld by Congress at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861,a suspension of habeas corpus in U.S. history was issued by President Lincoln.(Habeas Corpus,2013) Of course this wasn’t the last time that prisoners’ rights to habeas corpus caused a stir. In the 1950s and 1960s, prisoners

Lady Liberty Free Essays

It was 1885 in New York City. A little boy named Frederick Bloomsmen was hurrying down the streets to get to his master’s shop. â€Å"Mayhap if I hurry, I’ll get to see Lady Liberty,† Frederick thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Liberty or any similar topic only for you Order Now But as he ran along, he heard the town clock strike 6:00. â€Å"Oh no! I’ve got to make haste!† Frederick said desperately. Frederick had been delivering a saddle to the cart builder and had spent too long talking to the cart builder’s son. Slam! The door to his master’s store opened and shut as Frederick ran in. â€Å"Where have you been† Mr. Ezra (for that was Frederick’s master’s name) roared. â€Å"Delivering the saddle, sir, just as you asked me to,† Frederick answered timidly. â€Å"Well, you’re late!† Mr. Ezra boomed. It was finally Saturday, Frederick’s day off. He ran down the streets, as if racing the wind to see who could get to Lady Liberty skeleton first. Suddenly, he stopped still, for in a shop window sat the loveliest carved figure of Lady Liberty herself! His eyebrows slid up. He ran into the shop. â€Å"Excuse me, sir, how much money is that figure of Lady Liberty?† Frederick asked. â€Å"Well laddie, it’s worth 15 cents but I’m lowering the price to 10 cents.† â€Å"Ten cents,† Frederick’s head rang out as he ran home, â€Å"Where can I get such a fortune?† The next Monday, Frederick had almost forgotten the figurine. â€Å"Mr. Ezra, sir, may I please have my wages?† â€Å"All right, lad, but only because you haven’t been sassin’ me.† He opened the cash register and dropped a nickle into Frederick’s outstretched palm. Halfway there! Frederick’s head seemed to yell out with joy. Now he thought about how pretty that figure would look on Mama’s mantle. † I’ll give it to her for her next birthday,† he said aloud. â€Å"What was that, boy?† Mr. Ezra said. â€Å"Nothing,† Frederick said quickly, blushing bright red. The next morning after his chores were done, Frederick ran to the shop where the figure of Lady Liberty sat, to see if she was still there. Phew! There it was, looking as gorgeous as ever. The next week, Frederick got his wages. Another nickle! He finally had 10 cents. But as he walked down the roads he thought, â€Å"What if they need just 10 more cents to finish the Statue of Liberty?† And so silently he headed for the donation box. He listened to the cling as the coins dropped into the box. As the months flew by, Frederick’s birthday was drawing nearer. One day, as he was running down the streets to see the Statue of Liberty, a shopkeeper (actually the very one that carried the figurine of Lady Liberty) called out from his shop. â€Å"Frederick! Wait! I’ve got a birthday present for you!† So Frederick stopped and went inside the shop. The shopkeeper handed him a small box. â€Å"Open it,† he urged. As Frederick did so, his eyebrows slid up as his mouth went down. For there, beautifully arranged in a pile of white tissue paper, sat the figurine of Lady Liberty! Frederick felt dizzy with happiness as he left the shop. Mama’s birthday came just as quickly as Frederick’s had. Frederick re-wrapped Mama’s birthday present. When the time came for her to open it, her mouth dropped in surprise. â€Å"Why Frederick, where did you get this?† she asked in bewilderment, â€Å"It’s beautiful! I absolutely love it! I’ll put it on the mantle.† Frederick had to tell her the entire story, which was similar to the one I have just finished telling you now. How to cite Lady Liberty, Papers

Soft Skills are Smart Skills Necessity of Soft Skills for LIS Professionals in this Twenty First Century Essay Example For Students

Soft Skills are Smart Skills: Necessity of Soft Skills for LIS Professionals in this Twenty First Century Essay Soft Skills are Smart Skills: Necessity of Soft Skills for LIS Professionals in this Twenty First Century Abstraction Changing the users consciousness and the engineering developed in this Twenty First Century, Library Professionals required to present new services, based upon user involvement. Managing and running this current century library, professionals have a extremely specialised occupation. So LIS professionals should be required multi-talented and multi-fold personalities. To make the success and adding new assortment of services in their libraries, this paper will assist to LIS professionals through Soft Skills.Various accomplishments need to go a good leader. In Library construct, if you become a good Librarian you should hold Library Professional Skills, Managerials Skills and Soft Skills. This paper describes the necessity of soft accomplishment for library professionals. And it listed out the list of soft accomplishments which are indispensable to last efficaciously. Through this paper, we recommend all the library professionals must get and put to death soft accomplishments in order to break the result of their Library. Keyword: Library Science, LIS Professionals, Soft Skills, Twenty First Century Libraries, Librarianship. â€Å"Professional accomplishments may assist to acquire your Job, But Soft accomplishments can do you a good Librarian† . Introduction LIS professionals need uninterrupted training by new accomplishments. Then merely they become disused in this fast changing environment. Soft accomplishments, going of import at the in-between degree of library direction. Library professionals have to be effectual in unwritten, written an e-communication with their frequenters, co-workers and directors, This soft accomplishments will do them more effectual to advance their library merchandise and services through selling. And therefore this will assist them to demo their value to the parent organisation. They besides need good interpersonal and networking accomplishment to interact with users and efficaciously join forces with their co-workers. There is besides a turning realisation that libraries and information service drama of import societal and community map. Therefore, societal and community edifice accomplishments are utile for information professionals- both for community of co-workers ( Abdus Sattar Chaudhry A ; Christopher S.G. Khoo ) . Definition Technical professionals in assorted subjects such as information engineering, technology, architecture, and research and development are progressively required to broaden their skill sets to get the hang the alleged soft accomplishments. Soft accomplishments, as defined by Wikipedia, are the bunch of personality traits, societal graces, installation with linguistic communication, personal wonts, friendliness, and optimism that grade people to changing grades. Soft accomplishments complement difficult accomplishments, which are the proficient demands of a occupation. Set of Skills There are assorted types of accomplishments that can be acquired. These accomplishments are categorized under â€Å"Sets† based on their nature. There are five types of â€Å"Sets† of accomplishments ( Vidya V. Hanchinal. 2014 ) Difficult Skills: certifications acquired through finishing a formal instruction e.g.Certificates Technical Skills: abilities essential to execute a peculiar occupation e.g. employability accomplishments Professional Skills: expertness in professional cognition, e.g. learning accomplishments, corporate accomplishments. Life Skills: enriching the innermost qualities like peace of head, concentration, positive energy degrees, etc. E.g. Yoga, Meditation, Mind Power. Soft Skills: a sociological term for a personaˆYs â€Å"EQ† ( Emotional Intelligence Quotient ) which refers to the bunch of personality traits, societal graces, communicating, ability with linguistic communication, personal wonts, friendliness, and optimism that mark each of us in changing grades. Gupta Rajat ( 2012 ) . To distinguish clearly between Hard accomplishments, Soft accomplishments and Life accomplishments as ; any type of job/work/profession/trade requires a set of undertakings to be executed. These are difficult accomplishments or Core accomplishments. So these accomplishments are rudimentss for success in professional life. Soft accomplishments, fix us to be acceptable by others, so that one can achieve mercenary and psychometric success in his/her calling. And Life accomplishments, fix us to achieve psycho-somatic success ( Inner Happiness ) in life. Nishitesh and Reddi Bhaskara ( 2012 ) . The Mirror Of Time And Memory EssayDecision Soft accomplishments, going impartant of Library professionals in this twenty-first Century. A current century cyberspace provides more exercising of this Softskills. The convergence in soft accomplishment development and best patterns across subjects needs the Library Science class establishments have to believe how to learn soft accomplishments efficaciously. This paper presents and briefly mentioned assortment of soft accomplishments likely to be important importance to LIS professionals. If we start to larn get downing from library scientific discipline survey itself, the immense difference will be at that place to put to death their work environment. Of class, more and more advanced methods need to implement this soft accomplishments to library surveies. Through this paper, we request to add soft accomplishments developing to all library and information classs curriculams. Mention Abdus Sattar, Chaudhry. , A ; Christopher, S.G. Khoo. ( 2008 ) . â€Å"Trend in LIS Education: Coverage of Soft accomplishments in Curricula† . Journal of Librarianship and Information Studies, 66,1-13. Goeran Nieragden, ( 2000 ) . ‘The Soft Skills of Business English’ , The Weekly September 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eltnewsletter.com/back/September2000/art282000.htm Accessed on ( Dec- 2014 ) . Gupta Rajat ( 2012 ) . â€Å"Soft Skills: Tools for Success† , Yking Books, Jaipur, P.4 Nishitesh and Reddi Bhaskara ( 2012 ) .†Soft Skills and Life Skills: The Dynamics of Success† , BSC Publishers and Distributors, Hyderabad, P.16 Vidya V. Hanchinal ( 2014 ) .†Developing Leadership Qualities in Librarians through Soft Skills† , Episteme: an online interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary amp ; multi-cultural journal,6 ( 4 ) . Sridhar ( 2000 ) , â€Å"Skill Requirements of LIS Professionals in the New E-World† , Library Science with a Slant to Documentation and Information Studies, 36. ( 3 ) Pp.141-149. TFPL Skills Set: Knowledge and Information Management Skills toolkit. hypertext transfer protocol: //skillstoolkit.tfpl.com Access on ( Dec- 2014 ) . Fisher ( 2004 ) . â€Å"Workforce Skills Development: The Professional Imperative for Information Services in the United Kingdom.† Australian Library and Information Association 2004 Biennial Conference. Sydney, 19 June 2004. S.P. Singh A ; Pinki ( 2009 ) . â€Å"New Skills for LIS professionals in Technology-Intensive Environment† . ICAL 2009 – CHANGE MANAGEMENT, Pp.331 -336

Analyzing Indirect Action In The Cherry Orchard And The Ghosts English Literature Essay Essays

Analyzing Indirect Action In The Cherry Orchard And The Ghosts English Literature Essay Essays Analyzing Indirect Action In The Cherry Orchard And The Ghosts English Literature Essay Paper Analyzing Indirect Action In The Cherry Orchard And The Ghosts English Literature Essay Paper Actions or events do non needfully hold to be physically shown to the audiences because there are assortment of ways of ratting and portraying an image or an action that becomes the footing of a drama. Indirect action, which is neer seen on phase is that excess spice added by the dramatist to arouse the complications that are indispensable to foster a secret plan. It involves action of import to the secret plan happening off-stage. The audience does non see the action go oning in forepart of their eyes but they learn about it by watching characters stressing on the of import inside informations. Indirect action helps make tenseness, suspense and besides intensifies understanding of the secret plan for the reader. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and Henrik Ibsen have both used indirect action to determine some of the most interesting scenes of the dramas The Cherry Orchard and Ghosts. In the gap act of Cherry Orchard, Anya s description of the rough status her female parent is in is an illustration of indirect action. This is apparent from Anya s statement when I arrived there were a batch of Gallic work forces with her and ladies, and an old Catholic priest with a book, and it was really uncomfortable and full of baccy fume I all of a sudden felt so regretful for mama, oh so regretful! [ 1 ]The girls nature of being cognizant and concerned is seen.Through the usage of ocular imagination the apprehension is made clear and the audience has been made to understand that Madame Ranevsky is running low on fiscal footings. Madame Ranevsky s character of being an dreamer is explored through the undermentioned lines and mama wo nt understand! We got out at a station to hold dinner, and she asks for all most expensive things and gives the servers a tip. [ 2 ]The girl s point of position is that the female parent is incognizant of the constitution being on the brink of b ankruptcy and wants to go on taking her epicurean life. The audience has been made cognizant of these cases even though it was nt acted on phase. The Cherry Orchard is the most of import symbol in the drama ; it is neer brought into the direct vision of the audience and is merely spoken approximately. The impact of the red grove on the different characters of the drama is really important in fostering the secret plan woven by Chekhov. In Act 1, Madame Ranevsky, the proprietor of the estate is reminded by Lopakhin that the estate will be auctioned in August to pay the mortgage of the estate. Lopakhin adds on by stating, but do nt you be uneasy my beloved lady ; sleep peace to the full ; there is a manner out of it. [ 3 ]It has become clear that the cherry grove is an built-in portion of Madame Ranevsky s life and it is a symbol of her young person and childhood. Chekov has expeditiously brought out the true nature of characters through their ain words, for case, when Anya says, there was person in the kitchen merely now stating that the cherry grove was sold today. Madame Ranevsky, Sold? Who to? Anya, he did nt state who to. [ 4 ]This action which was set off phase brings in forepart the consequence of the auction and reveals Madame Ranvesky s involvement in the ownership of the red grove. Lopakhin s address at the terminal of act 3, narrating the sale of red grove, is the most of import case of indirect acti on in the drama. Lopakhin: I bid nine thousand more than the mortgage and got it ; and now the cherry grove is mine! Mine! [ 5 ]Although the audience does non see the sale but is made cognizant about it merely through this indirect action around which the full drama is fused. Heavens alive merely think of it! The red grove is mine! State me that I am intoxicated: state me that I am of my caput: state me that it s all a dream! do nt express joy at me! I have bought the belongings where my male parent and gramps were slaves were they were nt even allowed into the kitchen. [ 6 ]Lopakhin shows his felicity after geting the cherry grove. Lopakhin s statement reveals the patterns of the clip when bondage was in pattern and the development of slaves that existed so. In this period of clip, a major population of helot in Russia was freed open uping a long anticipated societal alteration. Indirect action plays a critical function in this drama ; the memories of the yesteryear have resurfaced through the usage of indirect action. The characters are haunted by shades they are unable to command. The characters are invariably reminded about the memories of the yesteryear. Both captain Alving and Johanna are dead, yet both are responsible for blossoming the calamity. The relationship between different characters is vexing. In the gap act, the conversation between Mrs. Alving and Manders inside informations the relationship that existed between Mrs. Alving and captain Alving. When Oswald was born, I thought I saw a little betterment. But it did non last long. And after that I had to contend double hard-fight a despairing battle so that no 1 should cognize what kind of a adult male my kid s male parent was. [ 7 ]The battle Mrs. Alving is speaking about in the words quoted above, is the procedure which she practiced in order to white wash the repute forged by her hubby. Mrs. Alving in conversation with Manders references all past cases and reveals about all her experiences and agonies. Manders you have so had a pathetic experience. Manders. And this is the adult male you are constructing a commemoration to. [ 8 ]The commemoration which is being talked about is the orphanhood, an orphanhood which was built by Mrs. Alving to mend the harm that captain Alving had done to his repute. Subsequently on in the conversation [ from the dining room is heard the noise of a chair falling ; so Regina s voice is heard in a loud susurration: Oswald are you huffy? allow me travel! Mander s what s the affair? What is it Mrs. Alving? Ghosts. The twosome in the conservatory-over once more. ][ 9 ]The present state of affairs of off-stage action is compared to the old one where captain Alving was shown to be acquiring close to Johanna as Oswald is making now. Mrs. Alving presumes the shade of captain Alving is act uponing Oswald. Oswald I began to experience the most violent strivings in my head-mostly at the dorsum, I think. It was as if a tight set of Fe was pressing on me from my cervix upwards. [ 10 ]The hurting felt by Oswald is a consequence of his vermoulu disease which was inherited signifier his male parent and besides reveals that the wickednesss of the male parent are visited on the kids. Indirect action has helped in the patterned advance of the chief subject the past haunting the present . Regina: Mrs. Alving! Listen! They are shouting outside.Oswald: what can be the affair? Where does the blaze come from? Regina the orphanhood is on fire! [ 11 ]The combustion of the orphanhood is the most important illustration of indirect action. The orphanhood can be compared to the cherry grove which is the basis of the drama. The combustion of the orphanhood signifies that the characters can non be freed from the shade which they have to endure. Many cases of indirect action are explored in these plants of Chekhov and Ibsen. Whether it was sale of the red grove or the combustion of the orphanhood. They both are similar in demoing a alteration taking topographic point, every bit good as the patterned advance of clip. Towards the terminal of both plays the reader does recognize that what is non seen is best described through indirect action. Indirect action happens to be the most of import technique in order to come on the cardinal thoughts in both the plants.

Homophones Pail and Pale

Homophones Pail and Pale The words pail and pale are  homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions The noun pail refers to a bucket a container for holding and carrying something. The adjective pale means unusually light in color or weak. As a verb, pale means to become pale or to seem weaker or less important. As a noun, pale means a post, a fence, or a boundary (as in the expression beyond the pale). Usage Examples To wash his little red wagon, the boy brought a pail of water, a sponge, and some clean clothes.He was as black as coal, with a long, alert, intelligent, rakehell face. His eyes gleamed with mischief, and he held his head high. . . . Jupiter went where he pleased, ransacking wastebaskets, clotheslines, garbage pails, and shoe bags.(John Cheever, The Country Husband. The New Yorker, 1955)Marie walked along the path in the pale light of the dawn.Usually I spent the afternoons under the box  elder trees, or by the ditch behind the machine sheds, where dragonflies and pale blue moths circled just out of reach.(Grace Stone Coates, Wild Plums. Black Cherries, 1931)What passes for paella at most restaurants is a pale imitation of the real thing.I lit a cigar, and as I sat in my easy chair with the roses  beside me the light of the July  evening paled and paled till I sat alone in the darkness.(Bram Stoker, Bengal Roses, 1898) Idiom Alerts Beyond the Pale The idiom beyond the pale means socially or morally improper or unacceptable.The billionaire investor Peter Thiel, outed by the local arm of the Gawker media empire, secretly financed a lawsuit to destroy it. Silicon Valley did not rise en masse and say this was seriously beyond the pale.(David Streitfeld, What It Is Actually Like to Be in the Engine Room of the Start-Up Economy. The New York Times, July 5, 2016) Pale in Comparison The expression pale in comparison (with something) means to appear less important, serious, or worthwhile when compared to something else.[T]he financial benefits that come to men because of their greater investments in work early in life may  pale in comparison  to the sizable toll these investments have taken on mens relationships, especially with their children, by the time work careers subside or finish.(Victoria Hilkevitch Bedford and Barbara Formaniak Turner,  Men in Relationships. Springer,  2006) Practice Quiz (a) In the glare of the sun, Jennifers red hair seemed brighter than ever, emphasizing her _____ complexion.(b) The young woman carried a large _____ of milk on her head.(c) Colonel Kurtz was operating without any restraints, totally beyond the _____ of acceptable human conduct.(d) Pete weighed each _____  of oysters  on a scale and tallied the measures on a chalkboard next to each shuckers name.(Christopher White,  Skipjack.  Rowman   Littlefield,  2009)   Answers to Practice Exercises (a) pale(b) pail(c) pale(d) pail

ENTERPRISE PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ENTERPRISE PROJECT - Essay Example it has filled some of student’s spare time, they are now ready to concentrate on developing this business into a more efficient source of revenue while helping the environment by offering a suitable recycling of the personal computers and accessories. In order to secure funds from the angel investors, the company has decided to come up with a business plan which can be presented to the prospective investors. The plan would also be helpful in creating internal review of the targets, milestones and deadlines. Maverick Computer Breakers (MCB) operates with low overhead, but seeks capital for expanding their operations. Maverick Computer Breakers (MCB) has recognized various target segments which would be vigorously pursued. The biggest of them all is the  Individual Consumer segment which wants to upgrade to the higher version of the computers.   The other segment which can be pursued vigorously is the organization segments. This segment consists of the organizations which use computers for their regular operations. As the new and faster computers come into the market these organisation want to dispose of their existing machines. In the current scenario, either they are not aware of the disposal process or they do not have time to pursue the disposal. MCB would help them achieve the disposal of their existing machines at a reasonable cost. To establish Maverick Computer Breakers (MCB) as an important brand in the Computer breaking business that represents speed, efficiency and customer delight. The company will achieve this by using high quality customer service, doorstep PC collection facility, and extensive research into the computer recycling extending to e-waste recycling. By using this multi-channel approach the company expects to hit the niche market for Computer Breaking within our target market. Diagnosing the client’s needs by listening to their problem and providing a customized solution for a truly synergetic discussion which makes them understand

Compass financial analysis and sources of finance used by the company Essay

Compass financial analysis and sources of finance used by the company - Essay Example Gross Profit Ratio It is calculated by the following formula. Gross profit ratio = [(Gross profit / Net sales) ? 100] The results are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Gross profit ratio of the Compass Group Plc Company ? million 2011 2010 Gross Profit 1,010 983 Net Sales 15,833 14,468 Gross profit ratio 6.38% 6.79% There is a decrease in the gross profit ratio that has been realized amounting from 6.79% in 2010 to 6.38% in 2011. This can be attributed to poor sales strategies and an increase in the cost of goods sold (Compass Group Plc 2011, p.63). Mark Up It is calculated as shown below. Mark up = (Sale price / Cost) – 1 The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Mark up of Compass Group Plc ? million 2011 2010 Sales price 15,833 14,468 Cost 14,823 13,485 Mark up 6.81% 7.29% The mark-up decreased slightly from 7.29% in 2010 to 6.81% in 2011 (Compass Group Plc 2011, p.63). This can be contributed to low sales turnover, coupled with an increase in the costs of sales. Net Profit R atio It is calculated by means of the following formula: Net Profit Ratio = (Net profit / Net sales) ? 100. The results are shown in Table 3. ... 2011 2010 EBIT 958 913 Total Assets Current liabilities 9,410 (3,990) 8,254 (3,239) Net profit ratio 17.68% 18.21% A significant decrease in ROCE was realised, when it reduced from 18.21% in 2010 to 17.68% in 2011 (Compass Group Plc 2011, p.67). However, it is necessary to note that the rate of capital employed should always be higher than the company’s rate of borrowing, otherwise proportionate increase in borrowings would result into proportionate reductions in earnings of company’s shareholders. Current Ratio This is a ratio between current assets and current liabilities, where â€Å"current† means the assets and liabilities that need to be paid within one year. This ratio shows how well the assets can repay the amount of liabilities of the company, and it also assesses the liquidity of the company’s assets (see Table 5). In the Compass Group Plc’s case, the current ratio appears lower than it should be. Even though there are not even enough asse ts to pay the liabilities, the company is doing pretty well (Dobbs, Huyett & Koller 2009, p.54). Table 5: Calculations of the current ratio ? million 2011 2010 Current Assets 3,475 2,752 Current Liabilities 3,990 3,239 Current Ratio 0.87 : 1 0.85: 1 Acid Test (Quick) Ratio There is the following formula used for the calculation of this ratio: acid test (quick) ratio = (current assets – inventories)/current liabilities (see Table 6). Table 6: Acid test ratio of the company ? million 2011 2010 Current Assets Inventories 3,475 270 2,752 238 Current Liabilities 3,990 3,239 Quick Ratio 0.803 : 1 0.776 : 1 Compass Group Plc’ quick ratio was 0.803:1 and 0.776:1 in 2011 and 2010 respectively. Given that the quick ratio of 1:1 is considered as a satisfactory financial condition, Compass Group Plc is sufficiently liquid

Immune Responses of Cytokine Adjuvented DNA Vaccine

Immune Responses of Cytokine Adjuvented DNA Vaccine KOTLA SIVAREDDY Title for the Ph.D Thesis â€Å"Study on Immune responses of Cytokine Adjuvented DNA vaccine (genes coding for structural proteins) for FMD delivered by cationic PLG micro particles†. Objectives: To clone gene coding for structural protein of FMDV in eukaryotic expression vector (pC DNA) under CMV promoter. To clone bovine interleukin 18 gene in suitable cloning vector and express the same in Bacterial/yeast expression system for characterization of expressed recombinant protein. To construct a vaccine construct consisting of FMDV P1 (structural), 3C (Viral protease), and Bovine interleukin 18 genes in eukaryotic expression system under CMV promoter (pC DNA). To study the expression of the vaccine constructs in vitro in BHK-21cells. PLG micro particles’ preparation and characterization. To study the immune responses of the DNA vaccine in experimental animals (guinea pigs / cattle). Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by foot-and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, and poses a serious threat for animal health and exacts an economic toll on the livestock industry. FMD viral genome is a positive-sense single stranded RNA of approximately 8.5kb. The viral RNA genome is translated as a single polypeptide precursor that is subsequently processed by virus-encoded proteases 2A and 3C to produce the structural and non-structural proteins required for virus assembly and replication. One of the initial polypeptide cleavages, mediated by the 2A protein, is a co-translational cleavage at its own C terminus to release it from the 2B protein. The viral 3C proteinase subsequently processes the structural protein precursor, P1-2A, into the capsid proteins, VP0, VP3, and VP1, and the non structural peptide, 2A. These proteins then self assemble to form empty icosahedral capsid particles that contain 60 copies of each protein. Immu nological studies have identified linear and conformational sites that are present on both empty capsids and virions, and antiserum raised against either form has the same serological specificity. Thus, the structural protein precursor, P1-2A, and the 3C protease of FMDV are desirable immune antigens for new vaccine development. In countries where disease eradication has not been achieved, vaccination plays a crucial role in its control. Although inactivated virus vaccines effectively prevent FMD, they have several limitations like short duration of immunity, incomplete viral inactivation and virus escape from vaccine producing facilities. As a result, alternative approaches are being investigated, including the construction of modified live virus, subunit vaccines, synthetic peptides, naked DNA plasmids. DNA vaccination which offers several promising features i.e., DNA is convenient to manufacture and store, its production is safe, sequences from circulating strains can be easily i ncorporated in the vaccines, and it also allows the discrimination of the infected from the vaccinated animals. Several reports have shown the efficiency of DNA vaccination to induce protective immunity in the mouse model. However, the primary difficulty with DNA vaccination is its poor immunogenicity in target species. Cytokines are being used as molecular adjuvants by co administering with DNA vaccines to improve the efficacy of the vaccine. Cytokines play an important role both in the development of a functional immune system as well as in the responses of the organism to infection. Interleukin18 (IL18) is a potent interferon ÃŽ ³ (IFNÃŽ ³) inducing factor (IGIF), enhances Th1 immune responses. Recent studies have shown that IL18 also promote Th-2 type responses and increases dendritic cell (DC) number in lymph nodes in mice. In addition, IL18 has been used as an adjuvant to DNA vaccines for classical swine fever virus, pseudo rabies virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory sy ndrome virus.IL18 was co expressed along with FMDV VP1 in Pichia as fusion protein has enhanced humoral responses and marginally the CMI response in mice. Recombinant fowl pox co-expressing FMDV P1 2A3C and IL18 enhanced the immune responses and gave higher protection in swine Many other studies have shown the positive effect of plasmid encoding the IL-18 as a molecular adjuvant on DNA vaccinations. Efficacy of DNA vaccine could be improved by the inclusion of adjuvants and good vaccine delivery systems. Importantly, cationic microparticle with adsorbed DNA induced enhanced immune responses in comparison to naked DNA and this enhancement was apparent in all species evaluated, including nonhuman primates. Cationic PLG microparticles appear to be effective predominantly as a consequence of the efficient delivery of the adsorbed DNA into DC. Following administration, the micro particles are also very effective at recruiting DC to the injection site, and the micro particles also protect adsorbed DNA against degradation in vivo. A second useful property of micro particles is that they can present multiple copies of antigens on their surface, which has been shown to be optimal for B cell activation. The main advantage of this type of association is the efficient immobilisation of plasmid DNA on the microparticle surface without compromising its integrity. Moreover, after administration, the release of cationic DNA complexes from the surface appeared to facilitate the transfection of cells .At this point, it is not completely understood, whether the adsorption on cationic micro particles can protect plasmid DNA from cleavage through endonucleases after administration in vivo. Nevertheless, release of cationic DNA complexes is expected to provide better protection as compared to release of free DNA. Beside their inherent safety and ease of administration, they improve the DNA capture by antigen presenting cells (APC) and stimulate APC maturation. DNA delivery via PLG has been successfully used to vaccinate against several infections in mice, guinea pigs and even in macaques models. 1. AMPLIFICATION and cloning of gene sequence coding for P12A 3C FMDV serotype ‘Asia1’ gene coding for the polyprotein, P1-2A (2.3 kb) was amplified from viral genome, of the serotype ‘Asia1’ polyprotein gene, using VP4L (Bac) and 2AR (E.coR1) primers. Cloned in to pC DNA at E.co R I, BamHI sites. Ligated and transformed in to DH alpha 5 cells. Transformants are screened by colony PCR by using insert specific primers. Orientation was checked by PCR. Insert release was confirmed by RE digestion by using E.co R I, Bam HI. 3C coding sequences were amplified from clone available in lab. 0.6 Kb was amplified .The purified amplicon was digested and ligated in to p C DNA and transferred in to competent DH5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ cells upon screening by PCR and by re digestion positive clones were conformed. 2. Cytokine amplification (IL18) and cloning in prokaryotic / yeast pC DNA expression vector and characterization of expressed protein. Interleukin 18 (IL18) modulates immune functions by inducing interferon–Î ³(IFN-ÃŽ ³) production and promoting Th1 immune responses. In the present study I amplified and cloned the sequence (582 bp) encoding full length bovine IL18 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with Phytohaemoglutinin (PHA). Nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned IL18 showed an identity of 86-98% with IL 18 sequences of the other ruminants compared. The insert was sub cloned in to eukaryotic expression vector (PcDNA) .The specificity of the expressed IL 18 was confirmed by western blotting. The insert was sub cloned in to pET 32a vector and expressed in E.Coli as fusion protein of 42kDa. The specificity of the expressed IL 18 was confirmed by western blotting. The biological activity of the purified protein was analysed for its ability to induce IFN-ÃŽ ³ production in PBMC as measured by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase cha in reaction (qPCR). IL18 anti FMD viral activity was conformed in vitro in BHK-21 cells by using plaque assay; viral replication was quantified by Real time PCR, ELISA and titration assays. 3. Study of the expression of the constructs in vitro in BHK-21 Cells Expression of cloned P12A3C and IL18 genes were studied in mammalian expression system for confirming the frame and intactness. The P12A3C, IL18 genes cloned under Eukaryotic promoter was transfected in BHK 21 cells with lipid based lipofectamine. Subsequently, the proteins were confirmed by Western blotting by using using anti FMDV serotype ‘Asia’, serum from experimentally infected cattle. IL18 transfected cell lysate showed 18 KDa by using human IL18 Mab. 4. PLG microparticles preparation and characterization The PLG/CTAB micro particles were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique essentially as described previously and briefly, the micro particles were prepared by emulsifying 10ml of a 6% (w/v) polymer solution in methylene chloride with 1ml of TE buffer at high speed using an soniprep. The primary emulsion was then added to 50ml of distilled water containing CTAB (0.5%, w/v). This resulted in the formation of a water/oil/water emulsion which was stirred at 6000rpm for 12h at room temperature, allowing the methylene chloride to evaporate. The resultingmicro particles were washed in distilled water by centrifugation at 10,000 Ãâ€" g and freeze dried. The plasmid construct was adsorbed onto the microparticles by incubating 100 mg of cationic microparticles with 100 mgs (1 mg/ml solution) of plasmid DNA at 40C for 6 h. The coated microparticles were then separated washed with TE and freeze-dried. Amount of plasmid adsorbed on PLG particles was quantified by eluting the DNA by 0.2 N NaOH (incubation for 10 h at 4 0C and measuring the Optical Density (OD) at 260 nm. Blank PLG micro particles controls were run simultaneously to deduct background value. The size distribution of the micro particles was determined using a particle size analyzer and electron microscopy. 5.A. Evaluation of the Immunological response of various DNA vaccine constructs in guinea pigs. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) can be controlled by regular vaccination and restricting the movement of animals infected in the endemic countries.. DNA vaccine construct was made with P1-2A3C coding sequences of serotype Asia1 in p C DNA. To evaluate the optimal dose of the construct in guinea pigs, the plasmid was coated on cationic Poly Lacto-co-Glycolide (PLG) micro particles was injected in to guinea pigs at 2,5,10,15,20,30 ug doses intramuscularly. Sera samples collected from the vaccinated animals at 21st dpv were evaluated for immune response by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Serum neutralization test (SNT) and MTT assay. Maximum ELISA / SNT titers and MTT stimulation indices were observed at 10  µg dose which also gave 83% protection when the guinea pigs were challenged with homologues virus. 10ug was found to be the optimal dose to guinea pigs. P12A3CpCDNA and bovine IL-18 pcDNA plasmids were constructed under CMV promoter and the coated with Cationic PLG microparticle, immune response of the co administered constructs was evaluated in guinea pigs. Both the plasmids constructed under CMV promoter and 10 µgs each of the plasmids were inoculated intra muscularly in guinea pigs with a booster dose at 21st day post vaccination (dpv). Both humoral and cellular immune response were analysed by IgG1, IgG2 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Serum neutralization test (SNT) and MTT assay. Th1, Th2 cytokine profile was analysed by real time PCR and the phenotyping of T cell sub population in the peripheral blood was performed by flowcytometry. The results have sown significantly higher humoral and cell mediated immune responses in P12A3CIL18+PLG group than P12A3C IL18, and inactivated virus vaccine inoculated groups. Similarly, higher CD4, CD8 population and Th1, Th2 cytokine levels were seen in former group. P12A3CIL18+PLG vaccine protected all the six animals when challenged with homologous virus compared to five in inactivated virus vaccine group respectively. These results have shown that the plasmid encoding for P12A3C pcDNA when co inoculated with IL18 and PLG induce higher and protective immune responses, suggesting rBoIL-18 and Micro particles has a potential to enhance the efficacy of vaccine against FMD. 5. B Evaluation of the Immunological response of various DNA vaccine constructs in Cattle. Healthy male cattle calves of local breed ( Hallikar Breed) of 6 months to one year age group were purchased from local village shandy( cattle market). These animals were housed in healthy animal shed facilities available at IVRI Animal experimental station at Yelahanka , Bangalore. After initial quarantine the animals were bled and the sera were screened for FMDV antibodies for serotype Asia 1 by SNT. The FMD antibody free animals were divided in to 6 groups of six animals each namely Group I to Group IV. All the group were vaccinated with each construct with 200 ug injected by intramuscularly except conventional vaccine group injected with 2 ml of FMDV Inactivated vaccine. One group kepted for control group (vaccinated with PBS) .After 21 st days of first vaccination with same amount booster dose was injected P12A3CpCDNA and bovine IL-18 pcDNA plasmids were constructed under CMV promoter and the coated with Cationic PLG microparticle, immune response of the co administered constructs was evaluated in guinea pigs. Both the plasmids constructed under CMV promoter and 200 µgs each of the plasmids were inoculated intra muscularly in calves with a booster dose at 21st day post vaccination (dpv). Both humoral and cellular immune response were analysed by IgG1, IgG2 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Serum neutralization test (SNT) and MTT assay. Th1, Th2 cytokine profile was analysed by real time PCR (ÃŽ ³IFN, IL4, IL2, ÃŽ ±IFN, IL12, IL25,TLR-4,TLR3,TLR-2,IL8,IL10) and the phenotyping of T cell sub population (CD4 and CD8) and intracellular cytokine molecules (ÃŽ ³IFN, IL4, IL2) in the peripheral blood was performed by flowcytometry. The results have sown significantly higher humoral and cell mediated immune responses in P12A3CIL18+PLG group than P12A3C IL18, and inactivated virus va ccine inoculated groups. Similarly, higher CD4, CD8 population and Th1, Th2 cytokine levels were seen in former group. P12A3CIL18+PLG vaccine protected four out of six animals when challenged with homologous virus compared to 3 in inactivated virus vaccine group respectively. Non structural proteins,ELISA conformed in challenged animals.These results have shown that the plasmid encoding for P12A3C pcDNA when co inoculated with IL18 and PLG induce higher and protective immune responses, suggesting rBoIL-18 and Micro particles has a potential to enhance the efficacy of vaccine against FMD Journal papers and conference/seminar papers from Doctoral research work 1. Expression of Bovine (Bos indicus) interleukin-18 inEscherichia coli and its biological activity.Kotla Siva Reddy, Dowlathabad. Muralidhar Rao, Hosur Joyappa Dechamma,Veluvarthy V.S. Suryanarayana and Golla Ramalinga Reddy.Published in Microbiology and Immunology 2010; 54: 564–567. 2. Enhancement of DNA vaccine (P12A3C-pcDNA) efficacy against Foot- andMouth Disease by co-administration of Interleukin-18 expressing (IL18pcDNA) plasmid in Guinea Pigs. Siva Reddy .K. Muralidhar Rao.D., Badrinaryana.M. Suryanaryana.VVS. and Reddy G.R. Accepted in FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. Dec -2010 1–9. 3. Dose optimization of Cationic PLG micro particle coated DNA vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease in Guinea pigs. Siva Reddy, K.,Rashmi., B.R., Muralidhar Rao, D., Dechamma H.J., Banumathi .N., Suryanarayana V.V.S and Reddy .G.R. accepted in J.of Life science.(Article in press) 4. Cytokine profile studied by Real time PCR in FMDV antigen stimulated Bovine PBMC cells. Siva Reddy .K., Muralidhar Rao,D.,PrabhuDas,K., Suryanaryana.VVS., Reddy ,G.R. Accepted in Journal of Biotechnology , Bio engineering and Bio –Informatics. (Article in press). 5. Bos indicus Interleukin 18 complete coding sequence published in NCBI Gen bank .SivaReddy,K., Muralidhar Rao,D., Dechamma,H., Banumathi,N.,Suryanaryana,V. and Reddy,G. Acc.No. FJ985771 6. Enhancement of DNA vaccine (P12A3C-pcDNA) efficacy against Foot- andMouth Disease by co-administration of Interleukin-18 expressing (IL18pcDNA) plasmid in Guinea Pigs. Siva Reddy .K. Muralidhar Rao.D., Badrinaryana.M. Suryanaryana.VVS. and Reddy G.R. Presented in Society for applied biotech biotechnology (SAB) annual conference at Dharmapuri Dec 17,18 7.Bovine Interleukin -18 inhibits Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus Replication in BHK- 21 cells. K. Siva Reddy, D.Murali Dhar Rao, Kakoli Ahmed, H.J Dechamma N.Bhanumathi ,VVS Suryanarayana ,G.R Reddy presented at VIROCON 2010 XIX National Conference RECENT TRENDS IN VIRAL DISEASE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT SVU Tirupathi, Mar 18-20 ,2010 . 8. Cationic Micro Particle (PLG) coated DNA vaccination Induces a long term immune response and Protective Immunity against Foot –and-Mouth disease virus. K. Siva Reddy, Rashmi Dechamma N.Bhanumathi ,VVS Suryanarayana ,G.R Reddy Presented at VIROCON 2010 XIX National Conference RECENT TRENDS IN VIRAL DISEASE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT SVU Tirupathi, Mar 18-20 ,2010. 9. Dose response studies of ID- p VAC (SECRETORY VECTOR CONSTRUCT) coated on cationic PLG micro particles against FMDV in guinea pigs. Siva Reddy K., Reddy G.R. Presented at SBC Annual conference Impact of Basic and Translational Research on Medicine, Agriculture and Industry, IIT Madras 18-20 DEC -2008. Communicated Articles 1. Cationic Micro Particle (PLG) coated DNA vaccination induces a long term immune response and Protective Immunity against FMD in GuineaPigs. Siva Reddy ,K ., MuraliDhar Rao,D.,Rashmi, B.R., Dechamma H,J., Banumathi.,N., Suryanarayana V.V.S and Reddy G.R Communicated in to Vet Immunology and Immunopathology(Under review). 2. Bovine Interleukin 18 inhibits Foot and mouth disease virus replication in BHK-21 Cells. K. Siva Reddy, D.MuraliDhar Rao, K.PrabhuDas, VVS Suryanarayana,G.R Reddy communicated in to Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 3. Enhanced efficacy of a Foot and mouth disease DNA vaccine (P12A3CpcDNA) by adsorption onto cationic PLG microparticle in guinea pigs .K. Siva Reddy, D.MuraliDhar Rao, K.PrabhuDas, VVS Suryanarayana ,G.R Reddy communicated into International journal of Immunopharmacology.

Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Process

An individual assignment under the topic: „Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Processâ€Å" Teacher: Maria do Sacramento Basilio Student: 2012 Beja Content Content2 Introduction4 Project Management5 The Life Cycles of Projects7 PLANNING PROCESS8 Project Plan Elements11 Project Control13 Project Termination14 Conclusion16 Literature17 Introduction Each organization‘s activity in its own way contributes to organization‘s goals. It is not always easy to assess the impact of the work or the decision to achieve these objectives in the context of a complex organization of activities.Common to assume that what unites all the organizations processes to the general population and focus their efforts on a defined term direction, is a strategy. Project work is one of the extraordinary management forms. Each project is progressing to a certain stage, which is called the project life cycle. Despite the widely different names can be said that all projects are characterized by four main phases: initiation, planning, realization, finishing. An object of the Project: the planning process. The aim: to analize the essential part of Project life cycle – planning process.My essay will consists of two parts. In the first part I am going to introduce the Project Management and Project Life Cycle, in the second part of the project I will analyse the planning process and will make a conclussion about it‘s importance. Project Management In order to understand project management, one must begin with definition of a project. A project can be considered to be any series of activities and tasks that: * Have a specific objective to be completed within certain specifications * Have defined start and end dates * Have funding limits Consume resources (money, people, equipment) Project management, on the other hand, involves project planning ant project monitoring and includes such items as: Project planning: * Definition of work requiremen ts * Definition of quantity and quality work * Definition of resources needed Project monitoring: * Tracking progress * Comparing actual outcome to predicted outcome * Analyzing impact * Making adjustments Successful project management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives: * Within time * Within cost * At the desired performance/technology level While utilizing the assigned resources effectively and efficiently * Accepted by the customer The potential benefits from project management are: * Identification of functional responsibilities to ensure that all activities are accounted for, regardless of personal turnover * Minimizing the need for continuous reporting * Identification of time limits for scheduling * Identification of methodology for trade-off analysis * Measurement of accomplishment against plans * Early identification of problems so that corrective action may follow * Improved estimating capability for future planning Knowing when objectives canno t be met or will be exceeded Unfortunately, the benefits cannot be achieved without overcoming obstacles such as: * Project complexity * Customer’s special requirements * Organizational restructuring * Project risks * Changes in technology * Forward planning and picking Project management can mean different things to different people. Quite often, misunderstand the concept because they have ongoing projects within their company and feel that they are using project management to control these activities.In such a case, the following might be considered an appropriate definition: Project management is the art of creating the illusion that any outcome is the result of a series of predetermined, deliberate acts when, in fact, it was dumb luck. Although this might be the way that some companies are running their projects, this is not project management. Project management is designed to make better use of existing resources by getting work to flow horizontally as well as verticall y within the company.This approach does not really destroy the vertical, bureaucratic flow of work but simply requires that line organizations talk to another horizontally so work will be accomplished more smoothly throughout the organization. The vertical flow of work is still the responsibility of the line managers. The horizontal flow of work is the responsibility of the project managers, and their primary effort is to communicate and coordinate activities horizontally between the line organizations.The following would be an overview definition of project management: Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, project management utilizes the systems approach to management by having functional personnel (the vertical hierarchy) assigned to a specific project (the horizontal hierarchy). The above definition requi res further comment. Classical management is usually considered to have five functions or principles: * Planning Organizing * Staffing * Controlling * Directing In the above definition, the staffing function has been omitted. This was intentional because the project manager does not staff the project. Staffing is line responsibility. The project manager has the rigt to request specific resources, but the final decision of what resources will be committed rests with the line managers. Talking about the meaning by a â€Å"relatively† short-term project, not all industries have the same definition for a short-term project.In engineering, the project might be for six months or two years; in construction, three to five years; in nuclear components, ten years; and in insurance, two weeks. Long-term projects, which consume resources full-time, are usually set up as a separate division (if large enough) or simply as a line organization. The Life Cycles of Projects All organisms have a life cycle. They born, grow, wane, and die. This is true for all living things, for stars and planets, for the products we buy and sell, for our organizations, and for our projects as well.A project’s life cycle measures projects completion as a function of either time (schedule) or resources (budget). This is life cycle must be understood because the PM’s managerial focus subtly shifts at different stages of the cycle. During the early stages, the PM must make sure that the project plan really reflects the wishes of the client as well as the abilities of the project team and is designed to be consistent with the goals and objectives of the parent firm. As the project goes into the implementation stage of its life cycle, the PM’s attention turns to the job of keeping the project on budget nd schedule – or, when chance interferes with progress, to negotiating the appropriate trade-offs to correct or minimize the damage. At the end of the project, the PM turns into a â€Å"fuss-budget† to assure that the specifications of the project are truly met, handling all the details of closing out the books on the project, making sure there are no loose ends, and that every â€Å"i† is dotted and â€Å"t† crossed. Many projects are like building a house. A house-building project starts slowly with a lot of discussion and planning. Then construction begins and progress rapid.When the house is built, but not finished inside, progress appears to slow down and it seemingly takes forever to paint everything, to finish all the trim, and to assemble and install the built-in appliances. Progress is slow-fast-slow, as shown in figure: It used to be thought that S-shaped curve of figure represented the life cycle for all projects. While this is true of many projects, there are important exceptions. This is about the project that approaches completion by a very different route that the tradidtional S-curve, as shown in this figure:T o make a conclusion of the topic about product life cycle, there are two different paths (life cycles) along which projects progress from start to completion. One is S-shaped and the other is J-shaped. It is an important distinction because identifying the different life cycles helps the PM to focus attention on appropriate matters to ensure successful project completion. PLANNING PROCESS The most important responsibilities of a project manager are planning, integrating and executing plans. Almost all projects, because of their relatively short duration and often prioritized control of resources, require formal, detailed planning.The integration of a planning activities is necessary because each functional unit may develop its own planning documentation with little regard for other functional units. Planning, in general, can be best described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. P lanning in a project environment may be described as establishing a predetermined course of action within forecasted environment. The project’s requirements set the major milestones, and the line managers hope that they can meet them.If the line manager connot commint because the milestones are perceived as unrealistic, the project manager may have to develop alternatives, one of which may be to move the milestones. Upper-level management must become involved in the selection of alternatives during the planning stage. Planning is, of course, decision making, since it involves choosing among alternatives. Planning is a required management function to facilitate the comprehension of complex problems involving interacting factors. The project manager is the key to successful project planning.It is desirable that the project manager be involved from project conception through execution. Project planning must be systematic, flexible enough to handle unique activities, disciplined through reviews and controls, and capable of accepting multifunctional inputs. Successful project managers realize that project planning is an iterative process and must be performed throughout the life of the project. One of the objectives of project planning is to completely define all work required (possibly through the development of a documented project plan) so that will be readily identifiable to each project participant.This is necessity in a project environment because: * If the task is well understood prior to being performed, much of the work can be preplanned. * If the tas is not understood, the during the actual task execution more knowledge is gained that, in turn, leads to changes in resource allocations, schedules, and priorities. * The more uncertain the task, the greater the amount of information that must be processed in order to ensure effective performance. Without proper planning, programs and projects can start off â€Å"behind the eight ball† because o f poorly defined requirements during the initial planning phase.Below is a list of the typical consequences of poor planning: * Project initiation * Wild enthusiasm * Disillusionment * Chaos * Search for the guilty * Punishment of the innocent * Promotion of the nonparticipants * Definition of the requirements Obviously, the definition of the requirements should have been the first step. There are four basic reasons for project planning: * To eliminate or reduce uncertainty * To improve efficiency of the operation * To obtain a better understanding of the objectives * To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work Planning is decision making based upon futurity.It is a continuous process of making entrepreneurial decisions with an eye to the future, and methodically organizing the effort needed to carry out these decisions. Furthermore, systematic planning allows an organization of set goals. The alternative to systematic planning is decision making based on history. This ge nerally results in reactive management leading to crisis management, conflics management, and fire fighting. Effective total program planning cannot be accomplished unless all of the necessary information becomes available ant project initation. These information requirements are: * The statement of work (SOW) The project specifications * The milestone schedule * The work breakdown structure (WBS) The statement of work (SOW) is a narrative description of the work to be accomplished. It includes the objectives of the project, a brief description of the work, the funding constraint if one exists, and the specifications and schedule. The schedule is a â€Å"gross† schedule and includes such things as the: * Start date * End date * Major milestones * Written reports The last major item is the work breakdown structure. The WBS is the breaking down of the statement of work into smaller elements so that better isibility and control will be obtained. Project Plan Elements The project master plan should contain nine elements: a project overview, a statement of objectives, a description of the technical and managerial approaches to the work, all contractual agreements, schedules of activities, a list of resource requirements or a project budget, personnel requirements, project evaluation methods, and preparations to meet potential problems. These are the elements that constitute the project plan and the basis for a more detailed planning of the budgets, schedules, work plan and general management of the project.Once this basic plan is fully developed and approved, it is disseminated to all interested parties. I would like to describe each element. * Overview. This is a short summary of the objectives and scope of the project. It is directed to top management and contains a statement of the goals of the project, a brief explanation of their relationship to the firm’s objectives, a description of the managerial structure that will be used for the project, an d a list of the major milestones in the project schedule. * Objectives. This contains a more detailed statement of the general goals noted in the overview section.The statement should include profit and competitive aims as well as technical goals. * General approach. This section describes both the managerial and the technical approaches to the work. The technical discussion describes the relationship of the project to available technologies. For example, it might note that this project is an extension of work done by the company for an earlier project. The subsection on the managerial approach takes note of any deviation from routine procedure – for instance, the use of subcontractors for some parts of the work. * Contractual aspects.This critical section of the plan includes a complete list and description of all reporting requirements, customer-supplied resources, liaison arrangements, advisory committees, project review and cancellation procedures, proprierty requirements , any specific management agreements, as well as the technical deliverables and their specifications, delivery schedules, and a specific procedure for changing any of the above. Completeness is a necessity in this section. If in doubt about whether an item should be included or not, the wise planner will include it. * Schedules.This section outlines the various schedules and lists all milestone events. The estimated time for each task should be obtained from those who will do the work. The project master schedule is constructed from these inputs. The responsible person or department head should sign off on the final, agreed-on schedule. * Resources. There are two primary aspects to this section. The first is the budget. Both capital and expense requirements are detailed by task, which makes that a project budget. One-time costs are separated from recurring project costs. Second, cost monitoring and control procedures should be described.In addition to the usual routine elements, the monitoring and control procedures must be designed to cover special resource requirements for the project, such as special machines, test equipment, laboratory usage or construction, logistics, field facilities, and special materials. * Personnel. This section list the expected personnel requirements of the project. Special skills, types of training needed, possible recruiting problems, legal or policy restrictions on work force composition, and any other special requirements, such as security clearances, should be noted here.It is helpful to time-phase personnel needs to the project schedule. This makes clear when the various types of contributors are needed and in what numbers. These projections are an important element of the budget, so the personnel, schedule, and resources sections can be cross-checked with one another to ensure consistency. * Evaluation Methods. Every project should be evaluated against standards and by methods established at the project’s inception. T his section contains a brief description of the procedure to be followed in monitoring, collecting, storing, and evaluating the history of the project. Potential Problems. Sometimes it is difficult to convince planners to make a serious attempt to anticipate potential difficulties. One or more such possible disasters such as subcontractor default, technical failure, strikes, bad weather, sudden required breakthroughs, critical sequences of tasks, tight deadlines, resource limitations, complex coordination requirements, insufficient authority in some areas, and new, complex, or unfamiliar tasks are certain to occur. The only uncertainties are which ones will occur and when.In fact, the timing of these disasters is not random. There are times, conditions, and events in the life of every project when progress depeneds on subcontractors, or the weather, or coordination, or resource availability, and plans to deal with unfavorable contingencies should be developed early in the projectâ⠂¬â„¢s life cycle. Some PMs disdain this section of the plan on the grounds that crises cannot be predicted. Further, they claim to be very effective firefighters. It is quite possible that when one finds such a PM, one has discovered an arsonist.No amount of current planning can solve the current crisis, but preplanning may avert some. Project Control The two fundamental objectives of control are: 1. The regulation of results through the alteration of activities. 2. The stewardship of organizational assets. Most discussions of the control function are focused on regulation. Physical Asset Control Physical asset control requires control of the use of physical assets. It is concerned with assets maintenance, whether preventive or corrective.At issue also is the timing of maintenance or replacement as well as the quality of maintenance. Physical inventory, whether equipment or material, must also be controlled. It must be received, inspected, and possibly stored prior to use. Records of all incoming shipments must be carefully validated so that payment to suppliers must also be applied to suppliers from inside the organization. Even such details as the project library, project coffee maker, project room furniture, and all the other minor bits and pieces must be counted, maintained, and conserved.Human Resource Control Stewardship of human resources requires controlling and maintaining the growth and development of people. Projects provide particulary fertile ground for cultivating people. Because projects are unique, differing one from another in many ways, it is possible for people working on projects to gain a wide range of experience in a reasonably short time. Measurement of physical resource conservation is accomplished through the familiar audit procedures. The measurement of human resource conservation is familiar audit procedures.The measurement of human resource conservation is far more difficult. Such devices as employee appraisals, personnel performan ce indices, and screening methods for appointment, promotion, and retention are not particularly satisfactory devices for ensuring that the conservation function is being properly handled. The accounting profession has worked for some years on the development of human resource accounting, and while the effort has produces some interesting ideas, human resource accounting is not well accepted by the accounting profession.Financial Resource Control Though accountants have not succeeded in developing acceptable methods for human resource accounting, their work on techniques for the conservation of financial resources has most certainly resulted in excellent tools for financial control. This is the best developed for the basic areas needing control. It is difficult to separate the control mechanisms aimed at conservation of financial resources from those resources from those focused on regulating resource use. Most financial controls do both.Capital investment controls work to conserve the organization’s assets by insisting that certain conditions be met before capital can be expended, and those same conditions usually regulate the use of capital to achieve the organization goal of a high return on investments. The techniques of financial control, both conservation and regulation, are well known. They include current assets controls, and project budgets as well as capital investment controls. These controls are exercised through a series of analyses and audits conducted by the accounting function for the most part.Project Termination As it must to all things, project termination comes to every project. At times, project death is quick and clean, but more often it is a long process. The process of termination is never easy, always complicated, and, as much as we might wish to avoid it, almost always inevitable. The problem is how to accomplish one of the several levels of what is meant by project termination with a minimum of trouble and administrative dislo cation. A project can be terminated in one of four ways: * by extinction * addition * integration * starvation y Extinction: * The project has successfully completed scope and the client has accepted it. * It has been superseded by the external developments like technological advancement, market crisis etc * It has failed to achieve it’s goal. * It has no longer support from the Senior Management. It is also sometimes referred to as â€Å"termination by murderâ€Å". The important point to notice is that all project activity ceases in this kind of termination. by Addition: * The project is a major success. It becomes the formal part of the parent organization. The transition or   transfer of the resources such as the project personnel, materials and equipment to the newly created unit within the parent   organization. by Integration: * The project is successfully completed. The   project product is integrated to the operations of the client. This is the most common mo de and most complex operation. The resources are   released   and   disturbuted in the parent organization. by Starvation: * The project is terminated by budget decrement. * It is also known as   withdrawal of â€Å"life support†. The reason of this termination is generally to shadow the failure of non-accomplishment of the goals.This can save face of the senior management and avoid embarrassment. The Project Final Report incorporates the process knowledge gained from the Project. In addition to preservation of Project records, the Final Report embodies the experience from which we learn. It should include: Project performance comments, administrative performance comments, organizational structure comments, personnel suggestions, possibly a confidential section. Conclusion Project planning is probably the most time-consuming project management activity.Project planning continues from the initial idea through to the system delivery. Plans must be regulary updated using the new available information. There are many techniques for developing a project plan. They are fundamentally similar. All of them use a systematic analysis to identify and list the things that must be undertaken in order to achieve the project‘s abjectives, to test and validate the plan and to deliver it to user. Planning is an essential function in the success of any project. Planning does not refer simply to pulling out a calendar and recording things to do on random dates.Planning is all about actively plotting a course to meeting goals. Goals are really the start of any discussion about planning in a successful project. Literature 1. Harold Kerzner „Project Management. A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controllingâ€Å" sixth edition 2. Samuel J. Mantel Jr. Jack R. Meredith, Scott M. Shafer, Margaret M. Sutton „Project Management in Practiseâ€Å" second edition 3. Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel „Project Management. A Managerial app roachâ€Å" third edition 4. V. Buda, A. Chmieliauskas „Projektu valdymasâ€Å" 2006