Project Risk Management - Holyrood Project - 5687 Words

Project Risk Management | M3N313401-12-B | Group report Jenna McCall : S1O21235 Adelle Kelly : S1023858 Angela Mitchell : S1034517 Luciano Farias : S1306729 Iaponaira de Abreu : S1306726 | | | 5103 words Contents 1. Introduction 2.1 Executive summary 2. Case study 3. What is project management†¦show more content†¦According to The BBC (2004), in the initial planning stages the predicted  £40 million was set aside by the government to fund the project. This amount remained fixed until additional uncontrolled construction costs resulted in the project cost to increase to  £109 million in June 1999 to a total cost of  £414.4 million which in turn resulted in a 20 month delay to the initial schedule. The BBC (2004) also suggested that the main cause of the delay in the project finalisation was due to the â€Å"production of detailed designed variations and the late supply of information during the construction process†. The deadlines which the project manager provided for the construction of the parliament building were very tight. The BBC (2004) argues that these deadlines did not reflect the complexity of the building which resulted in both architects and trade contractors failing to deliver critical foundations of the project therefore meaning the project timescale overrun. The project manager failed to realise the unlikelihood of the targets set being achievable and therefore failed to alter the timeline to reflect this. Also the project manager should have completed steps which would allow the realisation of the key problems which were in turn causing the negative effect on the project’s performance in both cost and time. The project manager should have neverShow MoreRelatedThe Holywood Project840 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holyrood Project was a cost and time scale failure but due to that the building came out as a very high quality building of our time still seen by architects as a tour de force of arts and crafts and quality without parallel in the last 100 years of British architecture. So even though the project as a whole was a failure the building is seen as a master piece. There are many reasons why the projects seen as a failure, some reasons making more impact on the failure than others. Project ManagementRead MoreChallenges in Oil Gas Industry5117 Words   |  21 PagesCurrent Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry Submitted By: ABHISHEK KUMAR ROLL – 02 PGDM - IB Under the Guidance of: Prof. C P JOSHI HOD (Strategy, International Business General Management) Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 1. Topic: Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 2. Objective: This seminar paper aims to briefly analyse the current challenges faced by Global Oil Gas companies and its impact on the global energyRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 PagesSouthern Cross University ePublications@SCU Theses 2010 Conflict management and emotional intelligence Yu Fai Leung Southern Cross University, keith.leung.yu.fai@gmail.com Suggested Citation Leung, YF 2010, Conflict management and emotional intelligence , DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Copyright YF Leung 2010 ePublications@SCU is an electronic repository administered by Southern Cross University Library. Its goal is to capture and preserve the intellectual

Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - 2662 Words

Robert Louis Stevenson, the author of this novella has written it very cleverly, with certain techniques used that have a greater impact on the reader and ones that make it more than just any thriller/shocker. Every novella has a purpose to it and so does this story, the purpose of this novella has been made to narrative the reader and it is quite clearly reflecting the genre of the thriller/shocker. As well as this the novella has been made as a shilling shocker which depends on sensationalism and represents an immoral lifestyle that may include violence in extremity. Stevenson starts the novella by introducing us to Mr. Utterson who is a discrete lawyer who is ‘never lighted by a smile’ and his enigmatic friend Mr. Enfield. He does†¦show more content†¦A 21st century reader would perhaps see this as something that it is not normal, they would probably think that the door was very old and no one would visit this place because it was rotten, but on the other hand a Victorian reader may see this as something normal that everybody had, as people were quite poor so they couldn’t afford these things and they would make do with whatever they could afford. Then the author writes ‘tramps’, this may suggest that the lowest people would live in that street who had the poorest lifestyles out of everyone and this is adding recoil that you wouldn’t want to be near this horrid street. One may say that it is not what it seems on the surface but the danger could be uncontrollable and spread. This sets a seed of da nger to develop later in the story. Stevenson uses figurative language in the novella to create an atmosphere in the setting. At the same time there are many forms of figurative language but Stevenson has used personification and similes. He chooses to describe the house as ‘a blind forehead of discoloured wall on the upper; and bore in every feature, the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence’; he uses personification as a literary device since it gives more meaning to the sentence. Next, he says that the door was ‘blistered and distained’, the door maybe distained because that meansShow MoreRelated Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde2544 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† is a gothic horror novella written by Robert Louis Stevenson in the Victorian era. The novella follows a well-respected doctor - Henry Jekyll - and his struggle between good and evil when he takes a potion and becomes Mr Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson - the author of the novella â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†- was born in Edinburgh in 1850 and died at the young age of forty-four. He wrote the book in 1886. As a child he was very closeRead MoreRobert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay3798 Words   |  16 PagesHow does Robert Louis Stevenson create a notion of good and evil in the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 and was written after a dream Robert Louis Stevenson had. The story is mainly a horror but has an element of mystery throughout it. It is a powerful story with a hidden philosophical outlook on life and society. The story has one main theme running through it and other smaller ones that can only be found by readingRead MoreThe Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1052 Words   |  5 Pagescriticized in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Apart from being an exceptional Gothic work, Stevenson’s novella is an excellent critique of the hypocrisy that dominated the Victorian era. In his novella, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson uses the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to expose the double standards and moral pretensions that governed Victorian society. Dr. Jekyll, the protagonist in Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and MrRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Where Dr. Jekyll 1163 Words   |  5 PagesBrodie and Dr. Knox were both from Edinburgh and both lived â€Å"double-lives†, this undoubtedly had a major impact upon Stevenson’s imagination and later his writings. (Stefan 5) â€Å"While growing up Stevenson had a friend and the son of Sir James Simpson, the developer of medical anesthesia, the two friends would â€Å"experiment† with chloroform, for the enjoyment of it.† (Stefan 5) This experimenting carries a familiarity with it that would later be found in the character of Dr. Jekyll in Stevenson’s novel,Read MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreGrendel Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesDuality of Good and Evil Robert Louis Stevenson, a famous Scottish writer, once said, â€Å"All human beings are commingled out of good and evil.† Not one person is completely good or evil; everyone possesses both characteristics. In the literary pieces of John Gardner’s, â€Å"Grendel,† unknown author of, â€Å"Beowulf,† and Robert Louis Stevenson’s, â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† the characters are portrayed as having both qualities of good and evil, proving there to be a duality of decency/immorality, righteousness/depravityRead MoreRobert Louis Stevenson Influences1344 Words   |  6 PagesExternal Influences on Stevenson’s Writings â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson was a familiar title to me and prior to reading it I believed I was well versed about the story. I knew that Dr. Jekyll was an intelligent man who experimented with the idea of creating a more powerful version of him that would release his deepest inhibitions. In addition, I believed that the people of the town were not fully aware of Mr. Hyde, only that there was a monsterRead MoreThe Duality of Man in Literary Works and Critical Essays1580 Words   |  7 Pagesand laymen have been fascinated with the study since then. Robert Louis Stevenson is one of the more notable authors to write about dual personalities with his short story, â€Å"Markheim,† and the novella, †The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.† The latter of these two stories has inspired the study of multiple personalities more than any other work of fiction, and perhaps any work of nonfiction. According to Anne Stiles, â€Å"[Stevenson’s wife] traces her spouses’ interest in dual personality to aRead MoreDr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1019 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Jekyll and Mary Reilly Robert Louis Stevenson established himself as one of the masters of adventure novels in English literature. His skills as a suspenseful storyteller can be seen in his 1886 novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson tells the story of the Dr. Jekyll and his murderous alter ego Mr. Hyde, through the eyes of Dr. Jekyll’s lawyer Mr. Utterson. Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly tells the story of Jekyll and Hyde, but through a very different set of eyes. Martin’sRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, it

What is Keatss attitude towards love and philosophy Essay Example For Students

What is Keatss attitude towards love and philosophy? Essay In one poem he expresses his longing for poetry of sensations rather than thoughts, yet in a letter he admires Wordsworths ability to explore those dark passages of mystery philosophically. Because of the obvious contradiction, it is apparent that his philosophical assessment of poetry was not fixed. Keats refined his poetic philosophy in maturity. To accommodate his growing interest in philosophy and self-identity. In short, his attitude to towards philosophy was an every changing one. Just as the need for mutability becomes an essential part of Keatss eventual belief in purposeful growth, as does his attitude towards philosophy. Keats view on love is very much like his attitude towards philosophy in its ambivalence and it is this uncertainty that is often the subject of many of his poems. Keats frequently uses an encounter with a female figure to represent visionary experience, however, his deepest anxieties are also revealed through his conflict with power signified by the female form. The way in which Keats chooses to describe the female figures in his poetry would suggest both attraction and apprehension, he uses words such as enthrall and ensnare. Often Keatss imagination focuses on erotic encounters with a sensuous goddess or nymph. However, in the The Fall of Hyperion the goddess becomes a desexualised and cruel creature. This confuses us the reader as to what view Keatss has about love, is it then love or just simply physical attraction. It may be argued that Keatss is simple putting forward the typical chauvinistic view of the time after all Keatss is quoted to have said that he did not want ladies to read his poetry, he wrote for men. Love plays a variety of different roles in Keatss poetry, for example in La Belle Dame sans Merci, love is seen as harmful. The story, a seductive tale where treacherous women who tempt men away from the real world and then leave them, their dreams unfulfilled and their lives blighted. Alternative interpretations have suggested that it is about the wasting power of sexual love. In most interpretations, love is seen as destructive, so, is this Keatss view? His latter poems would suggest so. This view is reinforced in his poem, On sitting down to Read King Lear once again, he describes the fair plumed Syren. Whilst Keats finds her attractive and seductive, he also recognises her dangers and limitations. Here romance and love has been feminised, which would suggest that it is women that he fears rather than love itself. In his poem, On sitting down to Read King Lear once again, Keats seems to be turning way from romance and love; favouring tragedy, despite having written Endymion a poetic romance, only a year earlier. Therefore, one could argue that Keats felt that the only way to further his career and be known for his art was to write about tragedy and the miseries of the world, which include the possible harm and destruction that can come from love. However, this was not necessarily his attitude towards love. The ambivalence of his attitude towards love, is demonstrated in his poem Lamia. One could argue that the dynamics of this poem symbolizes Keats general view of love. The story begins with love and ends with tragedy possibly signifying Keats journey of exploration of love. The poem begins by describing the excitement of love, the words she spake came, as through bubbling honey, suggesting the exhilaration and power that love can provide. However, this love transforms into fatal love causing pain, pale with pain, the cruel lady. The lady who caused excitement and thrill at the beginning of the poem is now seen as cruel and seductive, and as he from one trance was wakening into another, she begin to sing. Here the nature of love is constantly changing, possibly in tune with the meaning of love Keats chooses to hold. Keats attitude to both love and philosophy are ambivalent. Love in particular is open to the readers own interpretation and understanding of the poems. .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .postImageUrl , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:visited , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:active { border:0!important; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:active , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I want to believe to a memory and love EssayOne could argue that Keats remains sceptical about love but never rules it out all together. However, it may also be argued that Keats becomes an anti-romantic and has a very negative attitude towards love. Keatss poetic philosophy contains many contradictions and ambiguities just as his view on love. It is apparent from reading his poetry that both his philosophical assessment of poetry and attitude towards love were constantly undergoing change, so it is impossible to generalise his constantly changing to attitude into simple terms.

What The U.S. Can Learn From Japan Essays - Economy, Fiscal Policy

What the U.S. can learn from Japan Japan and the Four Little Dragons in order to achieve their industrialization goals have a diverse set of policies ranging from limited entitlement programs to a education and government bureaucracy that stresses achievement and meritocracy. But one of the most significant innovations of Japan and the Four Little Dragons is there industrial policy which targets improving specific sectors of the economy by focusing R&D, subsidies, and tax incentives to specific industries that the government wants to promote. The United States could adopt some of these industrial policies to help foster emerging high tech businesses and help existing U.S. business remain competitive with East Asia. In Japan the government both during the Meiji period and the post World War II period followed a policy of active, sector selective industrial targeting. Japan used basically the same model during both historical periods. The Japanese government would focus its tax incentive programs, subsidies, and R&D on what it saw as emerging industries. During the Meiji period Japan focused it's attention on emulating western technology such as trains, steel production, and textiles. The Meiji leaders took taxes levied on agriculture to fund the development of these new industries. Following World War II Japanese industries used this same strategic industrial policy to develop the high-tech, steel, and car industries that Japan is known for today. Some American industries are currently heavily supported by the government through subsidies and tax breaks to farmers, steel producers, and other industries that have been hurt by foreign competition because they are predominantly low-tech industries. But this economic policy of the U.S. is almost a complete reversal of the economic policies of Japan and the Four Little Tigers; instead of fostering new businesses and high tech industry it supports out of date and low tech firms who have political clout. The existing economic policy of the United States fails to help high tech businesses develop a competitive advantage on the world market instead it stagnates innovation by providing incentives primarily to existing business. The structure of U.S. industrial policy like the structure of an advance welfare state has emphasized rewarding powerful lobbying groups and has not targeted emerging sectors of the economy. The current U.S. industrial policy is a distribution strategy and not a development strategy. Instead of this ad-hoc industrial policy the United States should follow Japan's model of strategic targeting of emerging technology. The U.S. instead of pouring its money into subsidies and tax breaks for failing low-tech industries should provide loans, subsidies and R&D money for firms that are producing high technology products. Unfortunately, there are several impediments to copying Japan's model: first, tremendous political pressure from interest groups forces politicians to give corporate welfare to failing established firms and not emerging firms. Second, it is difficult for a government to select which sectors of the economy it will target. But despite these obstacles the U.S. is now confronted with trading powers who have coordinated government programs to foster the development of new technology; in comparison the U.S. governments reliance on individual initiative and a lack of government support for new industries has allowed Japan and the Four Little Dragon's to catch up to the U.S. in the area of high technology. In the coming years the U.S. could not just lose its advantage but fall behind if it fails to redirect government subsidies from failing firms to emerging sectors of the economy copying Japan's industrial development model.

Top 10 Best Non Marvel or DC Comics

Top 10 Best Non Marvel or DC Comics List of Top 10 Non-DC Comics You Should Not Miss Out At times, one may get an impression that Marvel and DC Comics have control over the whole comic book industry. Although it is far from being true, the comic book media is on the rise now with the most popular adaptations coming from the Big Two. Still, the world of comics is not limited only to the Big Two and there is a great number of other publishers with brilliant adaptations, which we will cover in this article. 10. SAGA This series, created by Brian K. Vaughn and Fiona Staples, has been much raved about. It tells a story about two refugees who face a bizarre, modernized fantasy world. Saga is a must-read for everyone, so if you have not done it yet, now is the perfect time to do it. Enthralling and intriguing, SAGA is well worth every minute you spend reading it. 9. CURSE WORDS The Image Comics book Curse Words is Soule-written magical drama, which tells the story of a modern-day evil wizard and challenges he has to tackle. If you are a keen admirer of Harry Potter or Rick and Morty, you surely should not miss out on this gripping comics book. The ironic portrayal of the arcane arts is absolutely unique. However, mind that wielding magic portrayed in the book is not always that magical. 8. BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER If you are not overly keen on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, you should know that the comic book version of it has undergone some major alterations. Studios Buffy decided to create a complete remake of the story. A brand-new Buffy universe will surely keep even the most long-standing fans on the edge of their seats. However, if you do not belong to this category, just try to enjoy the folks behind the comic who are truly worth observing. 7. ARCHIE 1941 Although the TV show Riverdale has become a household name, you will be astounded by the fact that Archie Comics, on which the TV series is based, is in fact over 75 years old. The nowadays setting of Riverdale does not mirror the place in Archie 1941 where Archie Andrews is a young man enlisted into military service. If you admire Archie Comics, World War II history or just want to see familiar characters in the new light, put this book on your reading list. 6. B.P.R.D. The Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense has not appeared on TV for 11 years. However, with a brand-new movie Hellboy releasing this year, it finally stages a comeback in the cinema. Interestingly enough,  B.P.R.D.  stories did not stall completely in the gap between films. Dark Horse has been incessantly bringing out splendid stories set in Mike Mignola-creates universe, which has not become any worse. With the movies debut in April, now it is high time to get back into the world of the  B.P.R.D.  At any rate, you should not let this engrossing fantastic detective series pass over your attention. 5. ANIMOSITY Aftershock Comics is a newcomer in the world of comics. Nevertheless, it managed to bring out some brilliant adaptations. One of them is Animosity,  which tells a story of a weird world where animals decided that the planet would do way better without humans. Animosity is a tough human story, which tells about survival and sacrifice and touches upon one of the biggest fears of the human race. It puts across a tricky question What would happen with the planet if humanity were no longer in the control of the whole universe? 4. BITTER ROOT If you are absolutely indifferent to the mentioned above magic trend, we have some pretty bad news to deliver. You still need to take a look at Bitter Root. In fact, Bitter Root is not nearly as brand-new as Saga  or  Curse Words. It takes place in the 1920s Harlem, where voodoo and the Jazz Age are combined to create a story, which strikes the right balance between noir and Occult drama. This book will certainly hit the spot if you are a fan of historical fiction, particularly of that which revolves around New York City. Additionally, if you are drawn to gruesome adventures in flapper costumes, Bitter Root is definitely up your street. 3. BLACK HAMMER Although this list was intended to be without the Big Two, it does not mean we have not included some unknown superheroes in this list. Basically, a lot of characters in Black Hammer were created under the influence of either Marvel or DC Characters. Still, the world, in which the story takes place, has nothing to do with both. Black Hammer’s surreal, David Lynch-esque universe is strongly reminiscent of superhero comics and scrambles them, transforming them into an unreal, existential mystery series. Although DC and Marvel are wholly in charge of an umpteen number of superhero stories, Black Hammer testifies to the fact that they clearly do not own all of them. 2. THE WICKED + THE DIVINE The following book is based on mythology, which means you will surely take to it. The Wicked + the Divine is a well-earned odd-on favorite in our top 10 comic books even without the mythological plot. Due to the tight storytelling, unique artwork, and the perfect cohesive combination of two classical myths, this book is a genuine masterpiece of its own. If  Black Hammer  proved that Marvel DC are not dominant in the superhero market,  The Wicked + the Divine  is a testament that they have not yet taken the control of mythology either. We do not imply that there is something wrong with the Wonder Woman  or  Thor  story. At the same time, there are some close similarities with WicDiv. It just that it resonates with some cultural memory that is deeply rooted in humans, a memory of the times when gods and monsters were not just fiction and the magic was anything but make-believe. 1. MONSTRESS This story is an example of a simple but truly masterful comic book. With the touching storyline and sensitive art, Monstress  is a rarity in the comic book market since it brings the medium up as a whole. Marjorie Liu obtained two Eisners just because of that, and if you have not had the opportunity to come to know why, now it is the perfect time to do it. Choose any of the above stated books to experience what the present-day comics world has to offer but do not miss out on Monstress  to find out how the comic book history is being made.

Spanish Diminutive Suffixes

Spanish Diminutive Suffixes Just because something is diminutive in Spanish doesnt necessarily mean its small. Diminutives May Soften Meaning or Show Affection Spanish speakers frequently use the diminutive suffixes such as -ito not only to indicate size but also to make a word less harsh or to indicate affection. Just as you can imagine someone referring to a 6-foot-tall adult son as my little boy or to a full-grown beloved pet as a doggy, so it is that the Spanish diminutives, although often translated using the English word little, often indicate more about the speakers feelings toward the person or object than to its size. The most common Spanish diminutive suffixes are -ito and -cito along with their feminine equivalents, -ita and -cita. In theory, these suffixes can be added to almost any noun, and they are sometimes used with adjectives and adverbs as well. The rules arent hard and fast as to which suffix is used; the tendency is that words ending in -a, -o or -te form the diminutive by dropping the final vowel and adding -ito or -ita, while -cito or -ecito is added to other words. Also commonly used as a diminutive suffix are -illo and -cillo along with their feminine equivalents, -illa and -cilla. Other diminutive suffixes include -ico, -cico, -uelo, -zuelo, -ete, -cete, -à ­n and -ià ±o along with their feminine equivalents. Many of these suffixes are more popular in some regions than others. For example, the -ico and -cico endings are quite common in Costa Rica, and its residents are nicknamed ticos as a result. The diminutive suffixes tend to be a spoken phenomenon of Spanish more than a written one, and they are more common in some areas than others. In general, though, they are used far more than English diminutive endings such as the -y or -ie of words such as doggy or jammies. You should keep in mind some words in diminutive form may not be understood the same way in all areas, and that their meanings can vary with the context in which they are used. Thus the translations given below should be seen as examples only and not as the only translations possible. List of Diminutive Uses Here are the most common ways the diminutive suffixes are used in Spanish: To indicate something is small: casita (little house, cottage), perrito (puppy or little dog), rosita (little rose, rose blossom)To indicate something is charming or endearing: mi abuelita (my dear grandmother), un cochecito (a cute little car), papito (daddy), amiguete (pal)To provide a nuance of meaning, especially with adjectives and adverbs: ahorita (right now), cerquita (right next to), lueguito (quite soon), gordito (chubby)To give a friendly tone to a sentence: Un momentito, por favor. (Just a moment, please.) Quisiera un refresquito. (Id like just a soft drink.)  ¡Despacito! (Easy does it!)To talk to very young children: pajarito (birdy), camisita (shirty), tontito (silly), vaquita (cowie)To indicate something is unimportant: dolorcito (tiny ache), mentirita (fib), reyezuelo (petty king), me falta un centavito (Im just a penny short)To form a new word (not necessarily a diminutive of the original): mantequilla (butter), panecillo (bread roll), bolsillo (pocket), cajetilla ( packet), ventanilla (ticket office), carbonilla (cinder), caballitos (merry-go-round), cabecilla (ringleader), nudillo (knuckle), vaquilla (heifer), de mentirijillas (as a joke) Note: The diminutive -ito ending should not be confused with the -ito ending of some irregular past participles such as frito (fried) and maldito (cursed). Sample Sentences Using Diminutives El gatito es frgil y es completamente dependiente de su madre. (The kitten is fragile and is completedly dependent on its mother.) Yo sà © de una chamaquita que todos las maà ±anitas ... (I know of a dear girl who every morning ... - lyrics from the childrens song El telefonito or The Telephone.)  ¿Quà © tal, guapita? (How are you, cutie?) Disfruta de cervecita y las mejores tapas por Madrid ...  ¡por 2,40 euros! (Enjoy a nice beer and the best tapas in Madrid - for 2.40 euros! Mis amigos me llaman Calvito. (My friends call me Baldy.) Tengo una dudita con la FAQ que no entiendo. (I have a quick question about the FAQ that I dont understand.) Es importante limpiar la naricita de tu bebà © cuando se resfrà ­e. (It is important to clean your babys nose when she gets a cold.)

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

See below - Essay Example practices can include joint undertakings in market sharing as well as price fixing.2 Article 81(2) that any such agreement be null and void.3 Article 81(3) however permits a defence by allowing for exemptions in circumstances where the undertaking is made for technological advancement and can provide consumers with a â€Å"fair share† of the market.4 Exemtions are also applicable if the undertaking and not unreasonably restrain trade.5 Upon an even narraow interpretation of Article 81(3) it is obvious that joint enterprises do not incur strict liability. In other words evidence of collusion will not be sufficient to substantiate a claim of anti-trade practices within the meaning of Article 81(3). Moreover, Article 85 of the Treaty of Rome makes provision for the European Commission to investigate suspected infringements of Article 81. This provison by implication not only erodes the strict application of Article 81 anti-competitive collusions, but also places the onus on the Commission to prove an Article 81 infringement. Article 85 provides as follows: â€Å"†¦the Commission shall ensure the application of the principles laid down in Articles 81 and 82. On application by a Member State or on its own initiative, and in cooperation with the competent authorities in the Member States, who shall give it their assistance, the Commission shall investigate cases of suspected infringement of these principles. If it finds that there has been an infringement, it shall propose appropriate measures to bring it to an end.†6 It is obvious that Article 85 places the jurisdiction of anti-trade conduct in violation of Article 81 with the European Commission. Moreover, the investiagtive provision implies that the Commission will have to collect sufficient evidence to satisify itself that an infringement took place that cannot be justified under the proviso contained in Article 81. The European court in NV Samenwerkende Elektriciteits-Produktiebedrijven v Commission of

The report of the application of systemic and complexity thinking in Essay

The report of the application of systemic and complexity thinking in organizational development - Essay Example The author’s further examination reveals that some leaders embrace and easily adapt to a liberal manner of thought in which new concepts and ideas are developed while others are stuck to a conservative way of thought or liberal thinking. The organizational leaders that are stuck to the conservative way of thought have no interest in understanding the systemic and complexity of thinking. This lack of interest prevents them from adopting the thinking strategy and consequentially, they cannot be able to enjoy the benefits of liberal thinking since they are stuck to making decisions which are on the basis of conventional linear thinking. If a person wants to adopt the systemic and complex way of thinking, they need to ask themselves some several questions. Some of the questions that the author has presented as very important in asking oneself in order to help a client or person to appreciate the limitations of linear mechanistic thinking are; how does the organization view itself within its existing environment?; what is its purpose; what are its challenges?; how are its relationships with others?; what is being done and what is not being done?; among others that will be pointed out later in the essay. It is also important that clients not only understand what systemic and complex thinking entails, but also get to possess the necessary knowledge and skills to help them practice this skill even with the absence of a consultant. Analysis of Opinions The author emphasizes on the need of understanding organizational development and its work and how systemic and complexity thinking can be applied in real terms. The consulting work of organizational development creates an opportunity for applying systemic and complexity thinking to practical issues. Consultants describe their work as giving help to people that work in organization in order to achieve the results that they are all aiming for. However, this is only but a theoretical definition. Learning and personal development processes can be established through effective organizational development efforts. Organizational development is therefore aimed at implementing change through a better understanding of how complex, adaptive systems operate. The relation of this to leadership is that for a leader to initiate change, they first have to take into consideration the reactions of the organization and members of the organization as a whole. This is because change has the capability of enhancing the performance of an organization in either a positive or a negative way. This therefore leads to changes in the cultural behaviors of people within the organization. Process consultation is a branch of work in organizational development. Through this process, a client is able to understand the process activities that are taking place in their environment and get to know how to act upon them. This process as part of systemic and complexity thinking helps the client and the organization to have a bette r relationship with each other. It also helps the client to get in to a place of reflective learning and personal discovery. Therefore, in essence, the leadership, through process consultation, is able to build the client and also build their organization. They build the client since they give the client a chance to provoke their thinking to one of complexity.As pointed out earlier, this helps in improving the consultant-client relationship. When the bond between these

How Good People Turn Evil Essay Example for Free

How Good People Turn Evil Essay Understanding is not excusing. Though it may help to prevent wrong acts against humanity in the future (may it? ). The world was created with the potential of sin. Looking at the theological approach, Adam and Eve, when were put into the situation of seduction by the snake, started to be driven by evil inclination giving birth to the first sin. Why does it happen? Why do people go against normality and moral principals? Why do people do evil things? Psychologists-experimenters, philosophers, writers have been trying to answer this question. There will always be good and evil in our world. However there is a fine line between good and evil, sometimes it is so vague, that without noticing we can find ourselves on the opposite side. Zimbardo in his Stanford experiment proves, that not only is the line blurred, but also movable and permeable. The Webster dictionary defines ‘good’ as ‘being positive or desirable in nature; not bad or poor’. ‘Bad’ is on the contrary ‘not achieving an adequate standard; poor; injurious in effect; detrimental’. We must keep in mind that it is not right to think about these notions as only about global ones, but good and evil are found in every person and dominance of one or another depends on different factors. Good people can turn evil, as well as (thanks God) evil people can become good again. How does the transformation happen? After the abuses in Abu Ghraib the general wanted to know who is responsible for the inhuman treatment with the prisoners, who were those rotten apples ‘infecting’ others. However the question rather should be: ‘What is responsible? ’ At first we have to look at the situation in order to understand the behavior. In the fight between good people and vicious situation the situation has won. Some may argue that it is not right, as far as the guards who were taking part in the crime in Abu Ghraib (as well as the ‘guards’ of Stanford experiment) were intelligent, normal, mentally and physically healthy people, who should have been responsible for their terrible actions. But could just ‘bad apples’ go that far? The human transformation according to Zimbardo has several perspectives: ? Dispositional – internal factors. The evil starts in the person oneself. These are the bad rotten apples. ? Situational – external factors. The situation is the one to blame, which influenced people and helped evil to gain the guards over. ? Systematic – the power that is in a system (political, economical, cultural, etc). Those are the bad barrel makers. ‘A country is considered the more civilized the more the wisdom and efficiency of its laws hinder a weak man from becoming too weak and a powerful one too powerful. ’ Primo Levi. Evil is the exercise of power. As soon as someone has the power to humiliate, do harm or destroy someone else physically or spiritually, the potential of evil may get to unreachable heights and it usually does (which was proved by the Milgram experiment). Starting the Stanford experiment, Zimbardo could not predict such a development of events, because the guards who were thoroughly chosen and tested to be normal people, in a couple of days turned into madmen, psychopaths and sadists. The main driving force that provoked this metamorphosis was power. First it had to be used as a tool for control of disobedient prisoners, but later the guards started receiving pleasure out of it, feeling their privilege and dominance and the right to exercise their power in every possible way. Personally I observed the same phenomenon in sports, a gymnastics girl’s team. A couch may use the power of a superior for too much, abusing children morally and physically, excusing it as a training and forming of tenacity. One more example can be found in the student dorms of LBS. One girl was chosen by the administration as a unit representative, the task of which was to coordinate girls living in the unit and make sure the community room and the corridor are kept clean. She also had to help girls with the home appliances lending them such things as vacuum cleaner, iron, etc, which belonged to the dorms. Only students who showed themselves to be responsible, tolerant, helpful could get this ‘position’ including some privileges. As soon as the girl received this trivial power, she started humiliating girls, each time pointing out that they are dirty and disgusting and as a punishment depriving them of things that they could use freely before, like a fridge or hanger. In this case the person was changed, because she was put into another situation; and the situation in turn was endowed with power by the system. If we go back to the Stanford experiment, one of the important factors that influenced the transformation in people, both guards and prisoners, was the phenomena of deindividuation. Humiliation and disgrace increase where personality is about to vanish. John Watson in his research proves that while starting a battle or a fight people who wear masks or costumes, which cover their faces or disguise them, are more likely to kill and to torture. Zimbardo’s guards were given a uniform and shades which somehow ‘protected’ them from the external world, as if nobody could see the horrors they were doing or as if it were not them, but some other people conducting that evil behavior. In other words this phenomenon can be called the power of anonymity. It works for every one. We are much more likely to do something unusual for us and even immoral, when nobody can see us or recognize. However we should not forget that on the other side of the barricade were the prisoners or victims, who suffered from deindividuation, rather than gained of it. Prisoners were given numbers instead of names; their clothes reminded rather that of women, than men, their heads were covered with ridiculous hats. People stop perceive themselves as individuals and later as human-beings, when are found in such conditions. Deindividuation was one of the strongest driving forces of holocaust, though it made its long detour to gas chambers in concentration camps. First Jews were not allowed to get high positions at work, than to sit on the same benches in a park as locals, come in to a shop (reading a sign that Jews and dogs are not allowed to enter), later every Jew had to wear a yellow star on one’s clothes, so every one could easily identify them in a crowd. Step by step the personality was diminished, so when Jews were told to move out from their homes and to settle in ghettoes quite few of them resisted. One of the most striking things for me that actually quite few of them tried to resist, accepting the situation and believing in their individuality being erased. ‘We are Jewish, we should be quiet’. They were imposed the opinion that they were not part of the country, which many of them defended during the World War I and they did not belong to their home. Finding themselves in camps, people were usually totally disgraced having no power and desire to oppose whatsoever. It is hard to imagine a human-being sinking so deep, deeper than an animal, totally perverting one’s nature. Hanna Arendt in her book ‘Eichman In Jerusalem. The Report On The Banality of Evil. ’ wrote that evil is always on the surface and as soon as we dig deeper it disappears. This means that often when people happen to be in some situation it becomes difficult for them to judge their actions, as soon as they become the prisoners of the situation. Being ‘inside’ makes one perceive the horror as normality. Going back to Milgram’s experiment, which proved that people can turn evil easily and very fast, by imposing power of control and blurring their responsibility for the crime. The electroshock experiment showed that two thirds of people who were tested conformed and obeyed the experimenter blindly, suggesting an idea that they are not the ones to blame for the ‘death’ of other participants of the experiment. The evil is the readiness to follow the commands and fully comply. There are really quite few monsters in the world; the problem is in the whole majority of people who are ready to follow them and to conform to any orders without considering the consequents or the actions themselves. People face uncritical conformity to the leader’s or group norms. Their personality and moral principals are simply switched off and the aggressiveness starts growing. However Zimbardo claims that evil is not only concluded in an action, but also in passive tolerance of what is going on. A new situation may breed both – rage and inaction – and both promote evil. Although on the other hand a new situation may provoke heroic imagination. For example during holocaust many non-Jewish families under the threat of death were hiding Jewish kids in their homes. After the holocaust they were granted the title of the righteous among the nations though the righteous considered that what they did, everyone would do in the same situation. That is something that must be conveyed to our children. In every situation we can choose 3 ways: either give the green light to the hostile imagination and evil, stay aside or become heroes. Every one must be taught that humanity is our business. Bulgakov in his ‘Master Margarita’ through his character Voland claims that in the last 3000 years society did not change. People will always stay the same and the evil and the good will always confront inside us. We must always keep in mind humanity’s previous experiences and try to make the best out of them. The XXth century was a pure return of barbarism – holocaust, genocides in Cambodia and Rwanda, Abu Ghraib, mass suicide persuaded by the pastor Reverend Jim Jones etc. The list is long. According to Judaism the evil and the good come from one and the same source, so that is the reason, why it is sometimes so difficult for us to differentiate between those two. Our task is to fight with our bad inclination (Hebrew- yatzir ha-ra), helping the good inclination (yatzir ha-tov) to develop.

Sir William Wallace :: essays research papers

When the king of Scotland died without an heir to the throne the nephew of the king also the king of England nicknamed Edward the Longshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himself and complete control of Scotland. William WallWhen the king of Scotland died without an heir to the throne the nephew of the king also the king of England nicknamed Edward the Longshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himself and complete control of Scotland. William Wallace was Born in January of the year 1272. He was the second of three sons. He was born in the town of Elerslie, which was in Scotland. His Father Sir Malcolm Wallace held the title of knight but had little to no political power. Wallace's Father was involved in a revolt called Turnberry Band when William was 14 years old and was sent to live with his uncle Argile. His Uncle taught William Latin and French and how to be a swordsmen.When William's father returned from the revolt at Turnberry Band William was 17 years old. Fighting between rival families and rival towns were heating up. Civil War was about to Break out in Scotland. Brawling and riots inside towns turned into full scale battles, Where in the Battle of Loudoun Hill William's father was involved and killed. William Stayed with his mother For two years until he met Murron Braidfoot and married her in the year 1272. There are many tales on how William Wallace became and outlaw after his marrige, one such is that one day Wil liam was fishing at a near by lake when a group of english soilders approached him and demanded william give them the fish he had caught. William trying to get food for himself and his wife said they could only take half. The soilders enraged lunged at William. But William fought off and killed both of the guards, forever becoming an outlaw. In The month of may 1272 A group of english soilders under the command of The English Sheriff of Lanark, William de Hazelrig ordered the death of William's wife. It seems that William had already started his revolt against England when his wife was murdered in an attempt to arrest Wallace. Wallace's huge act of rebellion attracted the attention of common folk and Scots nobles alike, all of whom were unwilling to bear Edward the Longshanks laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rebelion forces under William Wallace were scattered all over scotland but they all submerged together and met a larger more equipped english army at the Battle of Stirling. The Battle of Stirling happened a little differently

Foolishness in Shakepeare’s king lear

King Lear is considered to be Shakespeare’s best artistic work. Early on, the readers glean the foolishness of the king as he bequeaths his riches and his kingdom to his deceitful daughters. This is his desperate attempt to know who loves him. Thus, we see his foolishness as he draws out testimonies of his daughters’ love for him. For all his wealth and riches, he is bereft of the love of his daughters. His glaring foolishness is seen as he bequeaths his kingdom to the one who would speak of her undying love for him. Thus, we see that only a foolish man would do such actions for naturally, his daughters, who want the material things will give him the accolades he so desperately wants to hear.King Lear is foolish not to know the depth of Cordelia’s love for him because he measures it only with the words that will come from her mouth. He asks them to match each other’s pronouncements of their love for him, â€Å"Tell me, my daughters,- / Since now we will d ivest us both of rule, / Interest of territory, cares of state,- / Which of you shall we say doth [does] love us [King Lear] most? That we our largest bounty may extend / Where nature doth with merit challenge† (Act I, Sc i, Ln 47-53).King Lear should have observed more the actions of her daughters instead of their spoken adulations. He is taken aback by Cordelia’s response: â€Å"†Nothing, my lord† (Line 89). He then prods her to continue yet, she does not succumb to the pretenses that the situation requires of her and declares no high praises and love, which prods the king to conclude, â€Å"Nothing will come of nothing:† and in a pitiable state urges her to â€Å"speak again† (Line 92). For his Cordelia lacks â€Å"that glib and oily art / To speak and purpose not; since what I well intend, / I'll do't before I speak-† (Line 227).This foolishness is again gleaned as the King thinks that when he gives out his kingdom, he â€Å"shakes all cares and business from our age, conferring them on younger strengths while we unburdened crawl to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Sc i, Ln 38-41). Nothing could be farther from the truth, for this just makes him worry no end that Cordelia does not love him at all.The story of King Lear illustrates clearly what happens when children are consumed by greed and when they lose their love for their parents.   The play focuses on deception, greed, cruelty, and misjudgment. King Lear would have stood bravely had he not been blinded by his own folly. Often the disguise or deception is not physical but emotional.   The few characters that must physically disguise themselves in the play are the few characters that are not motivated by darker emotions.Kent and Edgar disguise themselves: one to help the king, the other to escape punishment. In the end, Shakespeare shows them to have pure and decent motives. The dukes and two eldest daughters however, who at no time in the play hide their f aces nor their actions, do hide their true nature. The daughters trick their father into believing that they love him above all else.   Edmund, too, tricks his father into thinking he is a loving devoted son, and this is to hide their true greediness.  (Novel Analysis).Greed and craving are distortions of desire. In greed and craving, one relinquishes most of the consideration for anybody else in one’s existence. King Lear is part of that existence and falls victim to this greed. He is foolish not to see behind the actions of the very people he is surrounded with. This is an insatiable, self-designed torture trap that his children are engulfed with.King Lear knew the conditions of his life as he experiences it. Only he can choose how to meet them. To the degree that his daughters are into hustling and conning, then they do not really communicate with him. He exists for them only as an object that they hope to use for their own benefit. Lear finds himself surrounded by peo ple who only wish to deceive and abuse him and leave him abandoned.This causes him to loose his sanity. King Lear’s decisions change his life and send him to his own demise. His actions lead him to his own sufferings, â€Å"Howl, howl, howl! O, you are men of stones. Had I your tongues and eyes, I'd use them so that heaven's vault should crack. She's gone for ever! I know when one is dead, and when one lives.†(Act V, Sc iii, Ln 306-312).King Lear avoided the issue of his daughters’ manipulations. He allowed himself to be sidetracked by his world of distracting events. His ways of resisting or avoiding dealing with areas of his life that he did not feel ready to cope, kept him from being logical. He resisted seeing clearly and that put something else between him and the issue. He blocked it out of his awareness and convinced himself that it does not exists. He looks at the event and sees only the distracter that he puts between him and the issue, or he does not s ee anything there at all. When he got totally caught in his situation, he lost all sense of perspective on what others were plotting against him.In conclusion, the king’s foolishness manifested in his own compulsive control that clamped him down and channeled his energies in narrow ways. This pushed all his power into places where he was blinded to see the entire picture sending him naked and where nature symbolized the chaos he found himself in.WORKS CITEDAct I, Sc i, Ln 38-41, Act I, Sc i, Ln 47-53 Reports & Essays: Literature – Shakespeare,Study world Retrieved Jan. 8, 2007 at:Novel Analysis. King Lear. Retrieved Jan. 8, 2007 at:http://www.novelguide.com/kinglear/themeanalysis.html

The Science Behind The Desalination Process Environmental Sciences Essay

Desalination is the procedure of taking salt from salty H2O to do it suited for imbibing or for usage by industries that require really pure H2O. ( Water Corporation Australia, 2011 ) Desalination workss are normally located near sea or ocean as most desalinization workss get the salty H2O from the sea and ocean. There are many ways of taking the salt from H2O but the chief 3 procedures are: Electrodialysis, Thermal distillment and Reverse osmosis. Electrodialysis Salts dissolved in H2O are ionic which mean they can be either be positively charged ions or negatively charged ions. When an electrical charged is passed through the H2O so â€Å" opposites attract † happens the salt ions will travel toward the antonym charged for illustration a positively charged salt ion will travel toward a negative charge, a negatively charged salt ion will travel toward the positively charge. Once the salt ions have move towards the antonym charged you will hold separated salt from H2O. A membrane is used to divide the purified H2O and salt ions. Thermal distillment The procedure in which salt H2O from the sea or ocean is heated to bring forth steam, so the steam will be condensed on a cold surface and H2O will be left behind. Rearward Osmosis Rearward Osmosis is uses a really high force per unit area and a really all right membrane to roll up the fresh H2O from the salty H2O. The membrane is like a strainer it has holes on the strainer which the holes are merely little plenty to let H2O eyeglasss pass through but non allow salt eyeglasss and other drosss to go through though the membrane Electrodialysis Rearward OsmosisBenefitsThe benefits of desalinization are that you can easy happen the resource, 97 % of the H2O is in ocean and sea and all of that is salt H2O which means that companies and authoritiess can construct desalinization workss and can be certain that the desalinization works will acquire a changeless supply of H2O. For illustration a Government decides to construct a desalinization works and they locate the works merely off shore from the major metropolis, they have a pipe connected to the major metropolis and they turn the desalinization works on H2O is now being filtered by the procedure contrary osmosis all of a sudden you have merely created another really sustainable H2O supply for you metropolis and you have reduced the sum of H2O that needs to be extracted from the chief river. Another benefit of constructing a desalinization works is that the H2O is besides really clean after the filtering and does non necessitate external 3rd party cleansing which river H2O do es. When the desalinization works finished the procedure of filtrating out the salt from the seawater the H2O is really pure so it does non necessitate to travel through extra cleansing, the filtered H2O from the desalinization works may merely necessitate Cl to be added to the H2O and it would be absolutely potable and clean and pure and it would be more cost effectual merely to make all the procedure, filtrating salt and so adding Cl to filtered H2O all in the one desalinization works. Another benefit is that desalinization is more â€Å" socially † accepted than effluent recycling ( Which is H2O from lavatories, cloacas etc ) authoritiess would be much more successful seeking to sell desalinization to the populace than seeking to sell recycled H2O from your lavatories.DisadvantagesDesalination workss are really inefficient and research suggest that if a desalinization works pumps in 500million litres of H2O and so filtrate that 500litres so 250million litres would be pure H2O and the other 250million litres would be salt and drosss which so is pumped back into sea or ocean merely job being that salt and drosss is twice the dressed ore of salt than seawater which means when the following burden of H2O comes in it will be more concentrated than the burden before which mean the desalinization it would be more salt than H2O so the efficiency of the desalinization workss goes down even more. Another downside of a desalinization works is that it uses a batch of energy to power the works which means that it is consuming our energy resources which is already on a strain so fundamentally they are seeking to repair the H2O crisis but making more quandary for the nursery effects and planetary heating issue. But being run on electricity is another issue what happens if they metropolis all of a sudden had a black out, even though the desalinization works may hold backup generators they wo n't be able to keep a power for a works every bit large as a desalinization works, so if we had a power blackout would that average half of the metropolis H2O supply is gone or if we rely entirely on the desalinization works it would intend that the whole metropolis H2O supply is gone which would be really troublesome for the metropolis. Another disadvantage is that â€Å" nil is perfect † no affair how perfect the engineering is it non hone and if something all of a sudden goes incorrect say in rearward osmosis the membrane is excessively big and salt and drosss manage to go through through it would non merely endanger the occupant of metropolis its supply H2O but cause a batch of people to be ill or even dices.Social effects of desalinizationPeoples can still be really disbelieving about imbibing H2O from the sea or ocean even though scientist and applied scientists of the desalinization works says the H2O is absolutely safe, there is ever on the dorsum of your head, what if some went incorrect and they H2O is non wholly pure? Would you desire to give that H2O to your kids, your babe, and your aged parents? With desalinization there is ever that thought that it is non wholly clean, it ‘s truly salt H2O filtered a twosome of clip to acquire pure H2O. Which is turn affects us socially because that it ever traveling to be a difficult sell for authoritiess to state to their occupants that this H2O is absolutely clean.Economic effects of desalinizationDesalination workss are really expensive and they money has to come from someplace so revenue enhancement remunerators end up paying for the desalinization works which obviously makes it even a harder sell for authoritiess, now non merely you have a H2O supply which is less dependable and possible less pure than fresh river H2O you have to pay for this less dependable and less pure beginning of H2O. They H2O measures will hold to travel up every bit good non merely will they charged a levy to pay for the desalinization works they will do you pay excess to subsidies the cost of running the works ( Electricity, paying staff etc )Environmental effects of desalinizationWhen you build a desalinization works merely of shore you besides could perchance interrupt the natural home ground of certain animate beings like fish or they would hold to clear land and which means they will pass over certain types of creates out of their natural home ground which is non ideal, you killing of species and damaging the land. As mentioned before desalinization workss use a batch of power so it will consume fossil fuels and add the turning job of nurseries gas and planetary heating and C emanations as good.DecisionDesalination is a really feasible and realistic solution for H2O direction, it can work out the H2O crisis presently is seem like desalinization is the best alternate solution for H2O in many major metropoliss around the word as it easier accessible engineering is instead mature downside being its really inefficient and cost a batch of money and uses a batch of power. But their possibly better or every bit good solution out at that place instead than desalinization like waste/storm H2O recycling which is a effectual manner of supplying a secondary H2O supply but with societal effects which people non wishing the fact they are re imbibing their lavatory H2O. A more feasible solution possibly is rainwater reaping in which persons can roll up rainwater and utilize it for their demand which major societal or economical affect merely job being that you can truly merely collect rainwater when it rains hence is atrocious inefficient and non dependable. So in stating all of that, Desalination is the best technique to work out our H2O crisis.

Free Essays on The Night Nurse

After reading Joyce Carol Oates story â€Å" The Night Nurse† it was obvious that the main plot was that of revenge. The author did a wonderful job using rising action to set up the plot in the beginning of the story. As the story begins with the main character Grace Burkhardt collapsing of an unknown ailment, you can sense the fear that has enveloped her entire being. The author’s excellent use of exposition to set up the background information for the remainder of the story was also quite extraordinary. As the story progresses you are able to see the transformation of Grace from that of a woman of great confidence to a person suffering from great internal desperation. You are able to feel the conflict that is raging within her as she suffers from the unknown reason for her collapse and admission to the hospital. As the second character nurse Harriet is introduced into the story, the author does a great job of establishing the conflict that was the main focus of the piece. The way that she ties Grace and Harriet’s relationship of 20 years ago is the key to the climax of the story. It was how she brought in the subplot of revenge, it presented a way for Harriet to payback Grace for was she felt was her total disregard for her as a person and a friend during their college days decades before. Grace’s request for assistance was ignored by Harriet the night nurse to show Grace what is was liked to be ignored. The resolution of this story shows that the worst pain a person can withstand, is being the person that is left out of life, isolated and alone.... Free Essays on The Night Nurse Free Essays on The Night Nurse After reading Joyce Carol Oates story â€Å" The Night Nurse† it was obvious that the main plot was that of revenge. The author did a wonderful job using rising action to set up the plot in the beginning of the story. As the story begins with the main character Grace Burkhardt collapsing of an unknown ailment, you can sense the fear that has enveloped her entire being. The author’s excellent use of exposition to set up the background information for the remainder of the story was also quite extraordinary. As the story progresses you are able to see the transformation of Grace from that of a woman of great confidence to a person suffering from great internal desperation. You are able to feel the conflict that is raging within her as she suffers from the unknown reason for her collapse and admission to the hospital. As the second character nurse Harriet is introduced into the story, the author does a great job of establishing the conflict that was the main focus of the piece. The way that she ties Grace and Harriet’s relationship of 20 years ago is the key to the climax of the story. It was how she brought in the subplot of revenge, it presented a way for Harriet to payback Grace for was she felt was her total disregard for her as a person and a friend during their college days decades before. Grace’s request for assistance was ignored by Harriet the night nurse to show Grace what is was liked to be ignored. The resolution of this story shows that the worst pain a person can withstand, is being the person that is left out of life, isolated and alone....

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships The Navy has a large variety of ships in the fleet. The most well-known types are the aircraft carriers, submarines, and destroyers. The Navy operates worldwide from many bases. The large ships   aircraft carrier groups, submarines, and destroyers travel around the world. Smaller ships such as the Littoral Combat Ship are based near their place of operations. Learn more about the many types of Navy ships in the water today. Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carriers carry fighter aircraft and have runways allowing the aircraft to take off and land. A carrier has about 80 aircraft on board a powerful force when deployed. All current aircraft carriers are nuclear-powered. Americas aircraft carriers are the best in the world, carry the most planes and operate more efficiently than any other countries carriers. Submarines Submarines travel underwater and carry an array of weapons on board. Submarines are stealthy Navy assets for attacking enemy ships and missile deployment. A submarine may stay underwater on patrol for six months. Guided Missile Cruisers The Navy has 22 guided missile cruisers  that carry Tomahawks, Harpoons, and other missiles. These vessels are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles.are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles. Destroyers Destroyers are designed to provide land attack capability as well as air, water surface, and submarine defense capabilities. There are about 57 destroyers currently in use and several more under construction. Destroyers have massive weapons including missiles, large diameter guns, and small diameter weapons. One of the newest destroyers is the DDG-1000, which is designed to have a minimal crew while delivering a huge amount of power were ever deployed. Frigates Frigates are smaller offensive weapons carrying a 76 mm gun, Phalanx close-in weapons, and torpedoes. These are used for counterdrug operations and provide defensive capabilities when escorting other ships. Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) The Littoral Combat Ships are a newer breed of Navy ships providing the multi-mission capability. The LCS can change from mine hunting, unmanned boat and helicopter platforms and special operations warfare to reconnaissance practically overnight. The Littoral Combat Ships are designed to use a minimum number of crew members to lower the operating costs. Amphibious Assault Ships The amphibious assault ships provide the means for putting Marines on shore using helicopters and landing craft. Their primary purpose is facilitating Marine transport via helicopters so they have a large landing deck. The amphibious assault ships carry Marines, their equipment, and armored vehicles. Amphibious Transport Dock Ships Amphibious transport dock ships are used to carry Marines and landing craft for land assaults. These ships primary focus is landing craft based attacks. Dock Landing Ships Dock landing ships are a variation on the amphibious transport dock ships. These ships carry landing craft plus have maintenance and refueling abilities. Miscellaneous Ship Types Special purpose ships include command ships, coastal patrol boats, mine countermeasures ships, submarine tenders, joint high-speed vessels, Sea Fighters, submersibles, the  sailing frigate USS Constitution, oceanographic survey ships, and surveillance ships. The USS Constitution is the oldest ship in the US Navy and used for display and during flotillas. Small Boats Small boats are used for a variety of tasks including river operations, special operations craft, patrol boats, rigid hull inflatable boats, survey boats, and landing craft. Support Ships Support ships provide the necessary provisions that keep the Navy operates. There are combat stores on board them with supplies, food, repair parts, mail, and other goods. Then there are ammunition ships, fast combat support ships, cargo, and pre-positioned supply ships, rescue and salvage, tankers, tug boats, and hospital ships. The two Navy hospital ships are truly floating hospitals with emergency rooms, operating rooms, beds for recovering people, nurses, doctors, and dentists. These ships are used during wartime and for major natural disasters. The Navy employs a wide variety of ships, each with its own purpose and responsibilities. It has hundreds of ships from small ones to huge aircraft carriers.

Answer 8 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer 8 questions - Assignment Example It can save all files and project related correspondence under one umbrella in one and e) Dimdim: it provides a place to convene online meetings, web conferences and webinars in the cloud (Kip). Q. 2. Who first developed and launched the SQL database? SQL known as Standard English Query Language was initially developed by  Donald D. Chamberlin  and  Raymond F. Boyce  in the early 70s of 19the century at International Business Machines. In late 1970s, Oracle Corporation saw the potential of the concepts introduced by Cod, Chamberlin, and Boyce and subsequently developed own SQL-based  RDBMS. It was successfully tested at the sites of the customers which encouraged IBM to develop commercial products based on their systems. After successful testing of SQL at the sites of customer, IBM began to develop its commercial products for the customers in the year 1979, 1981 and 1983 respectively (W3schools.com). Q. 3. Search some internet sites for Blue Tooth devices. Select one and di scuss the advantages and disadvantages of the one you selected. There are numerous products wherein Bluetooth exists. Few of them are telephones, media players,  Lego Mind storms NXT,  PlayStation 3,  PS Vita, Wii, headsets,  modems and watches. It is very useful technology while transferring data/information from one device to another device or from one device to so many devices near to each other (Official Play Station Website). Here are the advantages and disadvantages of one of PS Vita that has been selected from internet searches. It is accessible from both 3G and Wi-Fi. It has 5 inch OLED Screen. It back Blue tooth technology.  It has a small flash based memory card.  Users may have other options as well i.e. play PSP titles, minis and PSone classics titles, offered on PS Store. It is not compatible with PS3 and PS2 title. It does not carry any video output feature. Its Battery is intact. It lacks support UMD. It can be introduced stereoscopic 3D without glasses (O fficial Play Station Website). Q. 4. Describe briefly the history of Amazon.com who started it, when and what is Amazon’s annual sales? Everyone knows that Amazon.com is an American e-commerce company located at Washington. It was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 and placed it products in 1995. Initially it begun with an online bookstore, subsequently added with number of products in their menu (VHSs, DVDs, music CDs, MP3s, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys), and more the passage of time. The journey which started in a garage becomes one of the greatest ecommerce sites now days. As far as the generation of revenue is concerned, it will touch to the height of $100 billion in annual sales at the end of  next year  (Amazongenius.com).  Ã‚   Q. 5. How does MIS differ from IT? IT is a comprehensive computer field in general which can be subdivided into many careers. Take the examples of Network Administrator, Security, Hardware, Softwar e & Application Development, Database Administrator, Desktop Support Technician etc., In accordance with the available definition; Information Systems Management is an

Orgniasing and managing across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orgniasing and managing across cultures - Essay Example As such, this report seeks to critically analyse the significance of culture in the management systems in organisations in Africa. The report will also attempt to establish if the ideas that characterise the concept of ubuntu can be applied in other cultural contexts. The philosophy of ubuntu The concept of ubuntu mainly originated from the culture of African people which puts more emphasis on social behaviours such as sharing and treating each other equally (Schultz, 2005). Ubuntu is a metaphor that describes the significance of group solidarity, morality, humanness, hospitality and understanding (Mbigi & Maree, 2005). This concept is very important on survival issues in African communities which as a result of poverty have to survive through brotherly group care and not individual self reliance. This concept is applicable to poor communities and the main idea behind it is to empower the marginalised people and the idea has been harnessed in the management of people in the organisat ions to reflect their interests. With regards to organisations, the concept of ubuntu emphasises the need to harness the solidarity tendency of the African people in developing management practices and approach. Western and African cultures are very different and behaviour of people from these places is also different. In Africa, the philosophy of extended family is given priority while in western cultures, emphasis is on the nuclear family and the individual and competition is encouraged. From an African perspective, reality of underdevelopment cannot be ignored and ubuntu can be possible because of the individuals in the group who collectively pull their efforts towards the attainment of set organisational goals. This philosophy can be harnessed in the nation building process and in the workplace. By gaining a full and deep understanding of the cultural and philosophical basis of the people in a business team or community, one is better positioned to harness their energies (Boon, 2006). One can synergise the operations of an organisation towards a shared vision and comprehend interdependence through the adoption of the ubuntu philosophy in managing business. Without a deep cultural understanding, it may be difficult to coordinate the efforts of the people towards the attainment of the set goals. Managing diversity Africa is comprised of people from diverse cultural backgrounds and these people are often unique and different from the others. The cultural diversity concept of human resources (HR) posits to the effect that the leaders must emerge from the workplace to motivate and direct workforce towards the attainment of the set goals (Grobler et al 2006). Managing diversity in the workplace has become an important part of HRM. Every individual is unique but at the same time we share common characteristics with other people. Therefore, diversity in the workplace means recognising in a positive way that groups of people share common characteristics and others have different characteristics (Kleynhans et al 2007). Thus, the HR professional has a duty help the organisation to comply or go along with the legislation that prevents unfair practices or discrimination because of these differences between people. The concept of ubuntu comes in handy to solve problems likely to be related to managing diversity at the workplace. Managing diversi

Representation of women in the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Representation of women in the media - Essay Example Such long winded but common public discussions pertinent to Senator Clinton’s cleavage or demeanor only provided irrevocable evidence that in fct, sexism in the media was very much alive and well. â€Å"The highlight reel included lengthy discussions about the senators cleavage and comments about how men hear "take out the garbage" when she speaks. The video was a reminder that, at least where Hillary Clinton was concerned, sexism remained very present in the media†(Seligson, 2008). Senator Clinton’s confidence mistaken for masculinity was only the beginning of the sexist fueled media frenzy which all but defined the 2008 presidential campaigns. When Senator John McCain appointed Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate on the republican party ballot; sexism was seemingly reborn not only in the media but in the very individuals who would wish for the public to see them as anything but sexist. John McCain made a grossly offensive mistake by quickly selecting Palin when it would appear that Senator Clinton was no longer a contender for the office of the presidency. Most of the media and the general public for that matter, quickly saw his all too timely choice as one which seemed to desperately attempt to draw as many votes from would be Clinton voters; presumably because Clinton voters were only interested in a female candidate. This was an enormously poor oversight on the part of the McCain campaign which did not go unnoticed by many voters. This was not the extent however, of the highly sexualized, recent election. Palin was criticized for everything from her wardrobe to her pregnant teen daughter to her home state of Alaska. Even well known conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh made lewd references to Governor Palin’s legs while other well known media commentators referred to her in a number of highly inappropriate ways, â€Å"CNBC host Donny Deutsch commented numerous times on her "sex appeal." Liberal

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks COOKED MEAT INTAKE AND THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER M. MOGA*, I. MANITIU, N. BIGIU Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are carcinogens formed in or on the surface of well-done meat, cooked at high temperature. The aim of this analysis was to assess the risk of breast cancer related to the intake of cooked meat. The data support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of breast cancer. Keywords', breast cancer, cooked meat, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, carcinogens. AIMS AND BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developed countries. Foods and food groups that have individually shown potentially important associations with breast cancer risk include alcohol, fruit and vegetables, fat, red meat, sugar, low-fat dairy products, fish, and tea. Red meat intake has been hypothesised to increase breast cancer risk. Both case-control1 and ecologic2 studies have supported a positive association, and an expert panel described red meat intake as a possible cause of breast cancer3. Cumulative evidence suggests a possible interaction of cooking methods with diet in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Meats cooked to well-done at high temperatures contain heterocyclic amines (HCAs), such as 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-/]quinoxaline (DiMelQx). 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-/]qumoxaline(MeIQx), and2-amino-l-methyl- 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-6]pyridine (PhIP) (Ref. 4). The amounts of these compounds vary according to cooking technique, temperature, cooking time, and type of meat5. Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast cancer. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common high temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying. Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a 'cell proliferation'mode! in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors ' For correspondence. increasing mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are re susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of rumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, adipose tissue is the r site for estrogen synthesis, and women with a high body mass index (BMI) e an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. Therefore, it is possible that (estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may modify the association kxween intake of carcinogens from foods cooked at high temperature and breast ceicer risk. Adolescence may be a period of increased susceptibility to breast cancer due x regular division of undifferentiated cells that occurs between puberty and first tarth. Red meat consumption during early adult life has been associated with breast ^ncer risk. EXPERIMENTAL Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that ie:erocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast can- csr. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying. Several epidemiological studies have revealed an increasedrisk of breast cancer associated ~ high meat intake8-11. Evidence from some recent epidemiological studies has suggested that intake ;: well-done meat and concomitant mammary carcinogens may be associated with i substantially elevated risk of breast cancer9-12. Similar to grilling and pan-frying, deep-frying, although rarely studied previ- : usly, is a high temperature (typically 240-270 °C) cooking method and may also result in the production of many chemicals, including heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons13. In addition to volatile mutagenic compounds, nonvolatile detrimental products, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes can be detected in deep-fried soybean oil. Deep-frying cooking is one : f the most common cooking methods in China and many other countries. Q. Dai, X. Shu14 evaluated the association of animal food intake and degree of browning by deep-frying with breast cancer risk in a population-based case- :ontrol study conducted during 1996-1998 among Chinese women in Shanghai, a population with a traditionally low risk of breast cancer. The study suggests that high intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modifiedby body weight. The same study also suggests that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. The preponderance of evidence from animal and human studies has substantiated a causal relationship between postmenopausal estrogen levels and the risk of breast cancer15-17. Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a 'cell proliferation'model in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors by increasing mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are more susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of the tumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, adipose tissue is the major site for estrogen synthesis, and women with a high BMI have an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. Therefore, it is possible that estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may modify the association between intake of carcinogens from foods cooked at high temperature and breast cancer risk. One previous case-control study conducted in Uruguay found a stronger positive association of breast cancer risk with fried meat than with broiled meat9. Oil temperature is normally at approximately 240-270 °C when used for deep-fried cooking. It has been reported that deep-fried cooking oil not only produces fumes containing mutagenic compounds, such as 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acrolein, and formaldehyde18, but also generates nonvolatile hazardous compounds, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes19. Both hydroperoxides and aldehydes are endogenous reactive chemicals and have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential20. Other factors related to insulin resistance, such as high insulin, C-peptide, and insulin-like growth factor-1, and low physical activity have also Ijeen shown to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in several studies21-23. It is plausible that high levels of insulin and estrogens may stimulate the transformation of breast cancer cells initiated by carcinogens from well-done meats and heated cooking oils23 and, therefore, promote the development of breast cancer. Several recent epidemiological studies have suggested that trans fatty acids may be a risk factor for breast cancer24. Steck and Gaudet25 estimated breast cancer risk in relation to intake of cooked meat in a population-based, case-control study (1508 cases and 1556 controls) conducted in Long Island, NY from 1996 to 1997. Modest increased risk was observed among postmenopausal women consuming the most grilled or barbecued and smoked meats over the life course (OR = 1.47; CI = 1.12-1.92 for highest versus lowest fertile of intake). Postmenopausal women with low fruit and vegetable intake, but high lifetime intake of grilled or barbecued and smoked meats, had a higher OR of 1.74 (CI = 1.20-2.50) and the results support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cance25. Rohrmann26 conducted a study to examine the association of the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in  ±e breast tissue of women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. They observed strong correlations of dietary HCA intake and consumption of fried and processed neat with DNA adduct levels in breast tissue of 44 women. De Stefani and Ronco27 studied the effects of meat intake, including heterocyclic amine exposure, on the risk of breast cancer. They conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 352 patients with breast cancer and 382 controls. A strong effect of red meat, total meat, beef, fried meat, and heterocyclic amine exposure was found, after controlling for potential confounders. The odds ratio for the highest quartile of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-/|quinoline exposure was 3.34 (95% confidence interval 1.85-6.02). According to these results, meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors _n human breast carcinogenesis. Heterocyclic amines found in well-done meat require host-mediated metabolic activation before initiating DNA mutations and tumors in target organs. Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) catalyses the activation of heterocyclic amines via O-acetylation, suggesting that NAT2 genotypes with high O-acetyltransferase activity (rapid/intermediate acetylator phenotype) increase the risk of breast cancer n women who consume well-done meat. To test this hypothesis, Deitz and Zheng28 o btained DNA samples and information on diet and other breast cancer risk factors from a nested case-control study of postmenopausal women. A significant dose- response relationship was observed between breast cancer risk and consumption : J well-done meat among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype trend test, P = 0.003) that was not evident among women with the slow acetylator genotype (trend test, P = 0.22). Among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype, consumption of well-done meat was a ssociated with a nearly >-fold (odds ratio, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-50.4) elevated breast cancer risk compared with those consuming rare or medium-done meats. These results are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure. Also other studies have suggested that the rapid NAT2 acetylator phenotype is associated with breast cancer risk2930 or advanced disease at first presentation. Many heterocyclic amines are mammary carcinogens, and, a recent study31 found that another N-acetyltransferase polymorphism (NATlj was associated with breast cancer risk in individuals who consumed consistently well-done meat. To test the hypothesis that variations in the NAT1 gene are related to breast cancer risk, particularly among women who consume high levels of well-done meat, a nested case-control study was conducted by Zheng and Deitz32 in a prospective cohort study of 41 837 postmenopausal Iowa women. Genomic DNA samples obtained from 154 cases and 330 controls were assayed for 11 NAT1 alleles. The NAT 1*4 allele was the predominant allele observed in this study population, accounting for 73.2% (72.4% in cases versus 73.8% in controls) of the total alleles analysed. Compared to controls, breast cancer cases had a slightly higher frequency of the NATl*10allele (18.8% in cases versus 17.3% in controls) and a substantially higher frequency of the N ATI *11 allele (3.6% versus 1.2%). In multivariate analyses, they found a 30% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8-1.9) elevated risk of breast cancer associated with the NAT1 * 10 allele and a nearly 4-fold (95% CI = 1.5-10.5) elevated risk associated with the NAT 1*11 allele. The positive association of breast cancer with the NAT 1*11 allele was more evident among those who consumed a high level of red meat (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.1-33.2) or consistently consumed their red meatwell done (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 0.5-62.7). It has been shown that the O-acetylation of 2-amino-1 -methyl-6-phenylimida- zo[4,5b]pyridine and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-(4,5-/)quinoline, two of the most abundant heterocyclic amines in well-done meat, is largely carried out by NAT1 in human mammary glands33. Linos and Willett34 aimed to assess the relationship between red meat intake during adolescence and premenopausal breast cancer. They examined the incidence of invasive premenopausal breast cancer prospectively within the Nurses Health Study II. A total of 39 268 premenopausal women who completed a validated 124-item food frequency questionnaire on their diet during high school, were followed for 7 years, from 1998 to 2005. 455 cases of invasive premenopausal breast cancer were diagnosed between 1998 and 2005. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of red meat intake during high school, the multivariate-adjusted RR for the highest quintile of intake was 1.34 (95% CI, 0.94-1.89; Ptieni = 0.05). A significant linear association was observed with every additional 100 g of red meat consumed per day (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43; P = 0.05). This association was more pronounced in hormone receptor-positive tumors (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08-1.70; P = 0.008) and was not significant in hormon e receptor-negative tumors (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.61-1.61,/> = 0.97). Several biological mechanisms may explain the positive association between red meat intake and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer risk. Because hormonal risk factors are more strongly related to hormone receptor-positive cancers, meat intake may operate through hormonal pathways. First, cooked or processed red meat is a source of carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines. Second, exogenous hormone treatment of beef cattle for growth promotion, which is banned in European countries but not in the United States, has been of concern. Third, red meat is a source of heme iron, a highly bioavailable form of iron and a major source of stored body iron, which has been shown to synthesis and secretion of PRL in those cells. Together with previous reports that describe the potent estrogenicity of PhlPand its ability to influence progesterone receptor expression, c-Myc expression, and MAPK signal transduction pathway, the present findings provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the tissue-specific carcinogenicity of PhIP and, in particular, mammary carcinogenesis39. DISCUSSION Consumption of PhIP may play a role in the development of breast cancer. Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast cancer. High intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modified by body weight. There is also evidence that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. The data support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. There is an association between the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in the breast tissue. Meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors in human breast carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the studies presented are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure. There is also evidence suggesting that postmenopausal women with the NAT1*11 allele (aNATl allele) may be at increased risk of breast cancer, particularly if they smoked cigarettes or consumed a high level of well-done meat indicating the importance of the NAT1 enzyme in the in situ activation of heterocyclic amines in human breast epithelial cells, and point to the need in future studies to investigate potential interactions of genetic factors with intake of foods, food constituents, and nutrients in the etiology of cancer. Higher red meat intake in adolescence may increase the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Red meat intake was strongly associated with an elevated risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer but not hormone receptor-negative cancers. Postmenopausal women who are homozygous for the His allele at codon 213 of the SULT1A1 gene may be at an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly'if they have risk factors related to higher endogenous estrogen exposure. 1

The Easter Vigil Mass Essay -- Process Descriptive Religion Essays

The Easter Vigil Mass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Easter Vigil is celebrated on the eve of the resurrection of our savior, Jesus Christ. Easter is the holiest and most important event in the Christian religion. The Easter Vigil Mass is celebrated in a deep, spiritual, solemn way. Although different Churches and Christian orders may have minute differences in some of the rituals during the mass, but the overall feeling in the Easter Vigil liturgy is of solemnity and holiness. The ceremony begins in almost complete darkness and is slowly lighted by the flames of the congregation's candles paralleling Jesus symbolically lighting the world we live in. Also all Easter Vigil liturgies include four parts, the Service of Lights, the Liturgy of the Word, Celebration of the Rites of Initiation, and Liturgy of the Eucharist. The Service of Light is composed of three parts. The Service of Light opens the Mass. The first part of this ceremony is the lighting of the Paschal Candle. The minister sprinkles the candle with holy water and blesses the fire. The minister carves the letter for the Greek word "Alpha" on the top of the cross, and the Greek letter for the word "Omega" below the cross. These letters symbolize the beginning and the end of the life of Christ. The Paschal Candle is then lit and brought to the front of the Church as the Catholics cry out in harmony, "The Light of Christ!" The harmony of the Christian community's hymns and songs illustrate the events we are celebrating...